Chlorinated Phenolics Removal from Bleached Kraft Mill Wastewater in Three Secondary Treatment Processes

Laboratory-scale activated sludge (AS), facultative stabilization basin (FSB) and aerated stabilization basin (ASB) processes were operated in parallel treating bleached kraft mill effluent under controlled SRT and temperature conditions, to assess the chlorinated phenolics removal efficiencies attainable in each. The structure and extent of chlorination of the chlorophenolic compounds monitored appeared to contribute to the differing removal efficiencies observed. Under most operating conditions, treatment process effluents contained chronically toxic levels of pentachlorophenol-equivalent toxicity (TEQ). A companson of the results obtained from the FSB, ASB and AS processes indicated that, under most operating conditions, chlorophenolics removal in low rate treatment systems is superior to that in a higher rate activated sludge treatment process. However, it was also observed that operation at long SRT and moderate temperature permitted enhanced removal of chlorophenolics and reduced TEQs to less than threshold values, in all three treatment processes.

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Behaviour of Alkylphenol Polyethoxylate Surfactants and of Nitrilotriacetate in Sewage Treatment

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1987.0225 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 19 (3-4) ◽

pp. 449-460 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

W. Giger ◽

M. Ahel ◽

M. Koch ◽

H. U. Laubscher ◽

C. Schaffner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Activated Sludge ◽

Sewage Treatment ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Municipal Sewage ◽

Sludge Treatment ◽

Loading Rates ◽

Treatment Conditions ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Treated Sewage ◽

Removal Efficiencies

Effluents and sludges from several municipal sewage treatment plants in Switzerland were analyzed for nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPnEO, n=3-20), nonylphenol mono- and diethoxylate (NPlEO, NP2EO), corresponding nonylphenoxy carboxylic acids (NP1EC, NP2EC) and nonylphenol (NP). These chemicals derive from nonionic surfactants of the NPnEO-type, and specific analitical techniques were used to study their behaviour during mechanical-biological sewage and subsequent sludge treatment. The parent NPnEO-surfactants, with concentrations in raw and mechanically treated sewage from 400-2200 mg/m3, were relatively efficiently removed by the activated sludge treatment. The abundances of the different metabolites varied depending on treatment conditions. The refractory nature of NPl/2EO, NP and NPl/2EC was recognized. Both biotransformations and physico-chemical processes determine the behaviour and fate of nonylphenolic substances in sewage treatment. Nitrilotriacetate (NTA) was found in primary effluents at concentrations between 430 and 1390 mg/m3. The various treatment plants showed different removal efficiencies for NTA depending on the operating conditions. Activated sludge treatment with low sludge loading rates and nitrifying conditions removed NTA with efficiencies between 95 and 99%. High sludge loading caused a decrease in NTA removal efficiencies from 70% to 39%.

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Multi-component kinetics of activated sludge treatment of bleached kraft mill effluent

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2004.0153 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 50 (3) ◽

pp. 11-20

Author(s):

S.S. Helle ◽

S.J.B. Duff

Keyword(s):

Activated Sludge ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Fed Batch ◽

Removal Rates ◽

Kinetic Measurements ◽

Sludge Treatment ◽

Batch Tests ◽

Degradation Rates ◽

Kraft Mill Effluent ◽

Kraft Mill

This study investigated the discrepancies between the BOD removal rates measured during short term assays and those measured during continuous activated sludge treatment of bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME). A combination of batch tests and fed batch tests with oxygen uptake rate (OUR), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) measurements were used to characterize the degradation rates for the activated sludge treatment of BKME and to divide the soluble readily biodegradable substrate into two to five separate fractions based on biodegradation rates. The removal rates varied by over an order of magnitude between the most readily degradable substrates (1 × 10-3 mg COD/mg MLVSS minute), and the more slowly degradable substrates (2 × 10-5 mg COD/mg MLVSS minute). If the readily biodegradable fraction of BKME was modeled as one substrate, initial rate kinetic measurements from batch tests were heavily influenced by the fractions with the greatest degradation rates, while any remaining BOD in the treated effluent was predominantly from the slowly degradable fraction, giving inconsistent results. Taking the multi-component nature of the wastewater into account, batch test results can be used to predict fed-batch and continuous activated sludge reactor performance.

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Anaerobic-Aerobic Lagoon Treatment of Kraft Mill Effluent for Enhanced Removal of AOX

Water Quality Research Journal ◽

10.2166/wqrj.1993.029 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 549-570 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

E.G.-H. Lee ◽

M.F. Crowe ◽

H. Stutz

Keyword(s):

Treatment Process ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Aerobic Treatment ◽

Simple Modification ◽

Kraft Mill Effluent ◽

Kraft Mill ◽

Removal Efficiencies ◽

Adsorbable Organic Halide ◽

Aox Removal ◽

Kraft Effluent

Abstract A continuous-flow sequential anaerobic-aerobic lagoon treatment process was developed and evaluated for removal of adsorbable organic halide (AOX) from whole-mill kraft effluent at both laboratory and pilot-scale. The rationale underlying the development of the process was that the AOX removal efficiency of aerated lagoons currently in use might be significantly increased through relatively simple modification. Bench-scale studies showed that sequential anaerobic-aerobic treatment of whole-mill kraft effluent resulted in AOX-removal efficiencies of over 70% at hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 10 days, 5 days and 2 days. In contrast, only 20%, 35% and 36% removal was obtained in a control aerobic lagoon. Pilot-scale studies showed that up to 65% removal of AOX from whole-mill kraft effluent was consistently obtained at HRTs ranging from 5 to 10 days. This compares with typical AOX removal efficiencies in conventional aerated lagoons of about 25%. Conversion of the anaerobic section in the pilot-scale lagoon from a simple sludge blanket to a combination of sludge blanket and submerged biofilm further increased AOX removal efficiencies to about 70%.

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AOX Removal from Bleached Kraft Mill Wastewater: A Comparison of Three Biological Treatment Processes

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1992.0418 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 26 (1-2) ◽

pp. 387-396 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

E. R. Hall ◽

W. G. Randle

Keyword(s):

Biological Treatment ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Gas Stripping ◽

Treatment Processes ◽

Organic Halogen ◽

System Data ◽

Kraft Mill ◽

Removal Efficiencies ◽

Comparison Of The Results ◽

Aox Removal

Laboratory scale activated sludge (AS), facultative stabilization basin (FSB) and aerated stabilization basin (ASB) processes were operated under controlled parallel conditions to assess the AOX (adsorbable organic halogen) removal efficiencies attainable in each. A comparison of the results obtained under a variety of operating conditions indicated that higher removal efficiencies of total and filterable AOX were achieved in the FSB and ASB processes than in the AS system. Data are also presented to indicate the extent to which influent AOX was removed by biodegradation, biosorption and off-gas stripping.

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The Method of Curing Activated Sludge Treatment Process during Shutdown

JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL ◽

10.2524/jtappij.70.482 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 70 (5) ◽

pp. 482-486

Author(s):

Kenji Hayashi

Keyword(s):

Activated Sludge ◽

Treatment Process ◽

Sludge Treatment

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Energy Saving in the Activated Sludge Treatment Process

JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL ◽

10.2524/jtappij.72.165 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 72 (2) ◽

pp. 165-167

Author(s):

Kenji Hayashi

Keyword(s):

Activated Sludge ◽

Energy Saving ◽

Treatment Process ◽

Sludge Treatment

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Mutagenicity in Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents and in Recipient

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1988.0054 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 143-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

A. Langi ◽

M. Priha

Keyword(s):

Activated Sludge ◽

Mutagenic Activity ◽

Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells ◽

Chinese Hamster ◽

Paper Mill ◽

Pulp And Paper ◽

Pulp And Paper Mill ◽

Sludge Treatment ◽

Paper Mill Effluents ◽

Kraft Mill

The mutagenic properties of pulp and paper mill effluents were studied in three mills: bleached kraft mill with aerated lagoon treatment (Mill 1), bleached kraft mill with activated sludge treatment (Mill 2) and mechanical pulp/paper mill (Mill 3). Both treated and untreated effluents, process streams and molecular fractions were tested for mutagenicity (Ames test. Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and SCE sister chromatid exchange test, Chinese hamster ovary cells). To verify the potential environmental effects the mutagenic activity of concentrated recipient lake water (Mill 2) was also studied. The Ames mutagenicity of the bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) originated from the first chlorination filtrate, SCE mutagenicity also occurred in the alkali extraction stage filtrate (Mill 1). No Ames mutagenicity was detected in the paper mill effluent, but it was SCE mutagenic. Activated sludge treatment of BKME removed both Ames and SCE mutagenicity, but the aerated lagoon treated BKME was still SCE mutagenic. No mutagenic activity was detected in the recipient water concentrates.

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Evaluation of the alternative treatment processes to upgrade an Opium alkaloid wastewater treatment plant

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2000.0032 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 223-230 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

M.F. Sevimli ◽

A.F. Aydin ◽

Ì. Öztürk ◽

H.Z. Sarikaya

Keyword(s):

Activated Sludge ◽

Alternative Treatment ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Post Treatment ◽

Anaerobic Sludge ◽

Processing Plant ◽

Two Stage ◽

Sludge Treatment ◽

Treatment Processes ◽

Opium Alkaloid

The aim of this study is to characterize the wastewater from an opium alkaloid processing plant and to evaluate alternative treatment techniques to upgrade an existing full-scale biological activated sludge treatment plant having problems of high residual COD and unacceptable dark brown color. In this content firstly, long term operational records of the two stage aerobic activated sludge treatment plant of the opium alkaloid factory located in Afyon province of Turkiye were evaluated. The operating results for the last three years were statistically analyzed and median and 95-percentile values were determined for the parameters including chemical and biological oxygen demand (COD and BOD5) and treatment efficiencies. Specific wastewater generation was found as 6.7 m3 per ton of the opium capsule processed. In the following stage of the study, three additional treatment processes were experimentally tested: anaerobic pretreatment, post treatment of aerobically treated effluents with lime and ozone. Pilot scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASBR) experiments have demonstrated that about 70 percent of the incoming COD can be removed anaerobically. Chemical treatability studies with lime for the aerobically treated effluent have shown that about 78 percent color and 46 percent COD removals can be obtained with lime dosage of 25 gl−1. Post treatment of the effluents of the existing two stage aerobic treatment with ozone also resulted in significant color and COD reduction.

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