Sediment pore water toxicity testing

1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 109-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henk Heida ◽  
Ron van der Oost
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Pore Water ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Photobacterium Phosphoreum ◽  
Contaminated Sites ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Industrial Building ◽  
Building Site ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests

The toxicity of the pore water from the sediments of nine fresh water systems in and around Amsterdam City was studied with the aid of four acute toxicity tests. Based on preliminary chemical analysis, the sediments of three of the tested systems had to be considered strongly contaminated, according to the quality standards derived from the Dutch Law on Soil Pollution Control. In addition, the acute toxicity of groundwater from a heavily contaminated industrial building site was also examined. The following toxicity tests were used. 1. Microtox bioluminescence assay, or Microtox test. This test is based on the inhibition of bioluminescence of Photobacterium phosphoreum; 2. Rotoxkit F, based on the LC50 of Brachionus calyciflorus; 3. Thamnotoxkit F, based on the LC50 of Thamnocephalus plaxyurus; 4. Toxichromotest, based on the inhibition of β-galactosidase formation in Escherichia coli. The objective of the study was to test the feasibility of the toxicity tests as a tool for the risk evaluation of contaminated sites, both in water and on land. The results indicated that the sediments of three of the eight sites studied could be classified as toxic and one site even as very toxic. The outcome of the toxicity testing confirmed the results of the chemical analysis for only one site. It appeared that the Microtox and the Thamnotoxkit F tests were the most sensitive acute toxicity tests. It could be concluded that the resolution of the toxicity tests scrutinized was insufficient to reliably discriminate the environmental quality of the sediments at the locations studied. The bioassays, however, are useful in determining remediation priorities of contaminated sites.

Acute Toxicity Testing with Juvenile White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)

1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.R. Bennett ◽  
A.P. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
White Sturgeon ◽  
Acipenser Transmontanus ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests ◽  
Acute Toxicity Testing

Abstract The primary goal of this study was to investigate the possibility of using early life stages of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) (eggs, larvae and fry) as a species relevant to the Fraser River, B.C., for the acute and sublethal toxico-logical testing of forest industry effluents. Here we report the first successful acute toxicity tests for 8-day-old larvae and 42-day-old fry exposed to several chemicals known to be released into the Fraser River (i.e., 6 monochlorovanillin [6 MVAN], 4,5 dichloroguaiacol [4,5 DCG], 4,5 dichlorocatechol [4,5 DCAT], pentachlorophenol [PCP], and didecyldimethylammonium chloride [DDAC]). In most cases, white sturgeon fry were at the lower end of the range for acute toxicity values for chlorinated phenolic compounds, when compared with other juvenile fish species, and they were extremely sensitive to DDAC. The larval stage was usually more sensitive than the fry stage. Acute toxicity tests with fertilized eggs were unsuccessful. A postexposure growth study was inconclusive because neither control nor toxicant-exposed larvae and fry withstood the additional handling used for measuring body mass. At 62-days-old, fry were more tolerant of handling. This allowed measurement of their swimming performance. Although we have concerns about the reliability of using larvae for acute toxicity testing at this time, 60-day-old white sturgeon fry would appear to be both a sensitive and relevant species for assessing environmental impacts relevant to the Fraser River.

Testing Acute Toxicity in the Embryo of Zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio, as an Alternative to the Acute Fish Test: Preliminary Results

1994 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Schulte ◽  
Roland Nagel
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Test System ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Adult Fish ◽  
Brachydanio Rerio ◽  
Aquatic Vertebrates ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests ◽  
Continued Use ◽  
Testing Toxicity

Acute toxicity testing in fish is a standard method used in estimating the influences of chemicals on aquatic vertebrates. The ecotoxicological data obtained from acute toxicity tests in fish are, however, not sufficiently reliable to justify the continued use of this test. Fertilised eggs of zebrafish ( Brachydanio rerio) were used to test the acute toxicity of chemicals. They were chosen because the development of B. rerio has been studied extensively and information already exists concerning the normal development of this species. The following parameters of the development of B. rerio were observed: coagulation of the egg, gastrulation, number of somites, movement, development of organs, pigmentation, heartbeat and circulation. Some of these toxicological endpoints indicate lethality. In addition, various interactions between the test chemical and the embryos can be measured by investigating these parameters. Six chemicals (2,4-dinitrophenol, 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol, malathion, carbaryl, phenol and 4-nitrophenol) were selected for testing in the embryos of zebrafish within the first 48 hours of their development. The toxicities of the test chemicals to zebrafish embryos were compared with their acute toxicities to adult fish. Further investigations with more chemicals are in progress. The effective concentrations (EC50) and the lowest effect concentrations (LOEC) investigated in this preliminary study were comparable to the LC50 values for adult fish. The use of this test system as an alternative method to testing toxicity in adult fish is discussed.

scholarly journals Degradation of nicosulfuron using fenton and fenton-like reactions

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-208
Author(s):  
Ana Dugandzic ◽  
Andjelka Tomasevic ◽  
Dunja Dabic ◽  
Natasa Sekuljica ◽  
Marina Radisic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Fenton Reaction ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Fenton Process ◽  
Sulfonylurea Herbicide ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests

Nicosulfuron, a sulfonylurea herbicide, was subjected to different Fenton reactions at pH of a nicosulfuron aqueous solution (pH 5). Usually, the optimal pH for the Fenton reaction is between 3 and 4, but the addition of acids is not environmentally acceptable. This is the reason why the reactions were performed at a higher pH value than usual. So, classical Fenton and Fenton-like reactions were applied as well as photo-Fenton and photo-Fenton-like reactions. In addition, microwave Fenton and Fenton-like reactions were used in nicosulfuron degradation. Influences of Fe2+ and Fe3+ concentrations, as well as hydrogen peroxide concentrations, were studied. The Fenton reaction was much faster and more efficient than the Fenton-like reaction, while the photo- Fenton reaction proceeded much faster and more efficiently than the Fenton reaction. The microwave-Fenton and microwave-Fenton-like reactions proceeded with increased efficiency in comparison to the Fenton and Fenton-like reactions. The phytotoxicity and acute toxicity of the reaction products of nicosulfuron oxidation by the photo-Fenton reaction were analyzed. The toxicity testing of nicosulfuron treatment by photo-Fenton process showed a decrease in phytotoxicity, while the acute toxicity tests showed that the samples after treatment had lower toxicity.

Photobacterium phosphoreum Toxicity Data Index

1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus L.E. Kaiser ◽  
Virginia S. Palabrica
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Photobacterium Phosphoreum ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Toxicity Data ◽  
Luminescent Bacteria ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests ◽  
Luminescent Bacteria Bioassay ◽  
Chemical Abstracts Service

Abstract This toxicity data index gives a compilation of some 1350 acute toxicity data of individual organic compounds for the luminescent marine bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum, commonly known as Microtox™ test. The index contains 5-min, 15-min and 30-min toxicity data in both logarithmic (log (L/mmol) and non-logarithmic (mg/L) formats for approximately 1300 chemicals sorted by Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) accession numbers. In addition to the toxicity data, this index reviews correlations of the luminescent bacteria toxicity test data with a multitude of other acute toxicity tests on aquatic and terrestrial species, with emphasis on the 96-hr acute lethality data of 200 individual chemicals to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). A high collinearity between these two tests is demonstrated over nearly ten orders of magnitude in toxicity variation as expressed on a molar basis for compounds acting with several known toxicity mechanisms. These results indicate the usefulness of the luminescent bacteria bioassay as a simple, fast and comparatively inexpensive alternative to in-vivo bioassays with higher organisms.

Post-treatment of sanitary landfill leachate by coagulation–flocculation using chitosan as primary coagulant

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 246-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inara Oliveira do Carmo Nascimento ◽  
Ana Rosa Pinto Guedes ◽  
Louisa Wessels Perelo ◽  
Luciano Matos Queiroz
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Sanitary Landfill ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests ◽  
Sanitary Landfill Leachate

Chitosan was chosen as an alternative primary coagulant in a complementary coagulation–flocculation treatment of sanitary landfill leachate with the aim of removing recalcitrant organic matter. In order to optimize the process conditions, central composite design and response surface methodology were applied. To evaluate the performance of the process using chitosan, we also carried out tests with aluminium sulphate (Al2 (SO4)3.14 H2O) as coagulant. In addition, acute toxicity tests were carried using the duckweed Lemna minor and the guppy fish Poecilia reticulata as test organisms. The analytic hierarchy process was employed for selecting the most appropriate coagulant. Mean values of true colour removal efficiency of 80% and turbidity removal efficiency of 91.4% were reached at chitosan dosages of 960 mg L−1 at pH 8.5. The acute toxicity tests showed that organisms were sensitive to all samples, mainly after coagulation–flocculation using chitosan. CE50 for L. minor was not determined because there was no inhibition of the average growth rate and biomass production; LC50 for P. reticulata was 23% (v v−1). Multi-criteria analysis showed that alum was the most appropriate coagulant. Therefore, chitosan as primary coagulant was not considered to be a viable alternative in the post-treatment of landfill leachate.

scholarly journals Nano-sized zeolites as modulators of thiacloprid toxicity onChironomus riparius

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla S. Lorenz ◽  
Anna-Jorina Wicht ◽  
Leyla Guluzada ◽  
Barbara Crone ◽  
Uwe Karst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Biting Midge ◽  
Ms Imaging ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Small Primary ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests ◽  
Investigation Period ◽  
Adsorption Rates

This study investigated whether zeolites of different size (Y30 (nano-sized) and H-Beta(OH)-III (forming large aggregates/agglomerates composed of 50 nm small primary particles)) exerted acute toxicity on larvae of the non-biting midge,Chironomus riparius, and whether such zeolites are able to modulate the toxicity of a common insecticide, thiacloprid, by means of adsorption of a dissolved toxicant. We conducted acute toxicity tests with fourth instar larvae ofC. riparius. In these tests, larvae were exposed to zeolites or thiacloprid solely, or to mixtures of both compounds. The mixtures comprised 1.0 µg/L thiacloprid in addition to low (5.2 mg/L), medium (18.2 mg/L), and high (391.7 mg/L) zeolite concentrations, resulting in different adsorption rates of thiacloprid. As biological endpoints, changes in mortality rates and in behavior were monitored every 24 h over a total investigation period of 96 h. Furthermore, we conducted chemical analyses of thiacloprid in the medium and the larvae and located the zeolite particles within the larvae by LA-ICP-MS imaging techniques. Our results demonstrate that both types of zeolites did not exert acute toxicity when applied as single-substances, but led to reduced acute toxicity of thiacloprid when applied together with thiacloprid. These results are in line with the sorption properties of zeolites indicating reduced bioavailability of thiacloprid, although our data indicate that thiacloprid can desorb from zeolites to some extent. While freely dissolved (i.e., non-sorbed) fraction of thiacloprid was a good parameter to roughly estimate toxic effects, it did not correlate with measured internal thiacloprid concentrations. Moreover, it was shown that both zeolite types were ingested by the larvae, but no indication for cellular uptake of them was found.

Acute Toxicity of Copper, Cadmium, and zinc to Larvae of the Crab Paragrapus quadridentatus (H. Milne Edwards), and Implications for Water Quality Criteria

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Ahsanullah ◽  
GH Arnott
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Metal Toxicity ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Water Quality Criteria ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests

Acute toxicity tests were carried out on the larvae of P. quadridentatus and 96-h LC50 values of 0.17, 0.49, and 1.23 mg/l were determined for copper, cadmium, and zinc respectively. Potency ratios of the three metals were as follows: Cu/Cd 3.1, Cu/Zn 7.2, and Cd/Zn 2.4. Larvae were found to be nine times more sensitive to zinc and at least 29 times more sensitive to cadmium than were adults. The larval 96-h LC50 values multiplied by an application factor of 0.01 (as recommended in Victorian water quality criteria) results in derived 'safe' concentrations, which in the case of copper and zinc are below the stated 'minimal risk concentrations' of 10 and 20 �g/I respectively. In view of the known greater sensitivity of larvae of many taxa to heavy metal toxicity, the validity of using the same application factor for both adult and larval stages is questioned.

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