Comparative study on decentralized treatment technologies for sewage and graywater reuse – a review

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (11) ◽  
pp. 2091-2106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukul Bajpai ◽  
Surjit Singh Katoch ◽  
Naveen Kumar Chaturvedi
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Microbial Fuel Cells ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Decentralized Treatment ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Graywater Reuse ◽  
Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Electrically Enhanced

Abstract Currently, reservoirs, lakes, rivers etc. are being overloaded by the demand for fresh water, due to rapid industrialization and population explosion, and also the effluents from industries and domestic wastewater are continuously polluting these resources. To address this issue, several decentralized wastewater treatment system (DWTS) have been installed all over the globe to reuse and recycle wastewater/graywater for non-potable uses such as fire protection, toilet-flushing, and landscape irrigation. In this review, a comparison between different DWTS was carried out to evaluate their performance, merits and limitations. Hybrid technologies like the electrically enhanced biomass concentrator reactor and integration of physical/ biological methods with bio-electrochemical systems such as microbial fuel cells were found to be the most promising methods for near complete removal of pollutants from wastewater and also the issue of membrane fouling was reduced to a good extent.

New Process for Physico-Chemical Pretreatment of Dairy Effluents with Agricultural Use of Sludge Produced

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Á Kárpáti ◽  
L. Bencze ◽  
J. Borszéki
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
New Process ◽  
Agricultural Use ◽  
Removal Of Fat ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Dairy Effluents

A combined physico-chemical process is suitable for the effective pretreatment of dairy effluents, achieving almost complete removal of fat, and considerable reduction of protein content. The specific cost of COD removal using the process is only half or a third of that using aerobic biological methods. Depending on the chemicals used, further treatment or, in certain cases, agricultural utilization, of the sludge is possible. In addition, the components remaining in the effluent have low molecular weights, are easily degradable, and are very favourable as nutrients in municipal aerobic post-treatment. Investigation of the sludge showed that it did not contain any pathogen organisms and therefore its application on land is recommended. Laboratory and field experiments have shown that, with agricultural use of the sludge, increased plant growth and grain production were achieved.

scholarly journals T-RFLP reveals high β-Proteobacteria diversity in microbial fuel cells enriched with domestic wastewater

2010 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 839-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Lefebvre ◽  
T.T. Ha Nguyen ◽  
A. Al-Mamun ◽  
I.S. Chang ◽  
H.Y. Ng
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Microbial Fuel Cells ◽  
Domestic Wastewater

scholarly journals Lead-lag series and staged parallel operational strategies improve the performance and cost-effectiveness of bonechar for control of fluoride in groundwater

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 777-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kearns ◽  
A. Krupp ◽  
E. Diek ◽  
S. Mitchell ◽  
S. Dossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Operational Strategies ◽  
Decentralized Treatment ◽  
Column Testing ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Resource Poor ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Operational Modes ◽  
Local Materials

Abstract Affordable, locally managed, decentralized treatment technologies are needed to protect health in resource-poor regions where communities consume groundwater containing elevated levels of fluoride (F). Bonechar is a promising low-cost sorbent for F that can be produced using local materials and simple pyrolysis technology. However, the sorption capacity of bonechar is low relative to the quantities of F that must be removed to meet health criteria (typically several mg/L), especially at pH typical of groundwaters containing high levels of geogenic F. This necessitates large bonechar contactors and/or frequent sorbent replacement, which could be prohibitively costly in materials and labor. One strategy for improving the feasibility of bonechar water treatment is to utilize lead-lag series or staged parallel configurations of two or more contactors. This study used column testing to quantify potential benefits to bonechar use rate, replacement frequency, and long-run average F concentration in treated water of lead-lag series and staged parallel operational modes compared with single contactor mode. Lead-lag series operation exhibited the largest reduction in bonechar use rate (46% reduction over single contactor mode compared with 29% reduction for staged parallel) and lowest long-run average F levels when treating central Mexican groundwater at pH 8.2 containing 8.5 mg/L F.

scholarly journals Membrane Fouling Characteristics of a Side-Stream Tubular Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) Treating Domestic Wastewater

Processes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nsanzumukiza Martin Vincent ◽  
Juan Tong ◽  
Dawei Yu ◽  
Junya Zhang ◽  
Yuansong Wei
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Membrane Bioreactor ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor ◽  
Side Stream ◽  
Fouling Characteristics

Development of polyaniline conductive membrane for electrically enhanced membrane fouling mitigation

2019 ◽  
Vol 570-571 ◽  
pp. 371-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunpeng Wang ◽  
Lili Xu ◽  
Kuiling Li ◽  
Lie Liu ◽  
Yong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Fouling Mitigation ◽  
Conductive Membrane ◽  
Electrically Enhanced

Evaluation of bioelectrochemical systems for wastewater treatment and sludge digestion

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Shashikanth Gajaraj
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Microbial Fuel Cells ◽  
Microbial Consortia ◽  
Electrolysis Cell ◽  
Bioelectrochemical Systems ◽  
Wastewater Remediation ◽  
Sludge Digestion ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT AUTHOR'S REQUEST.] Much attention has been drawn by bioelectrochemical systems (BES) in the past years for wastewater treatment, due to its potential for enhanced wastewater treatment and resource recovery with added advantages in terms of energy generation, environmental footprint, operating stability and economics. This dissertation focuses on the potential to improve treatment efficiency of different wastewater components when assisted by BES. Modified Ludzack-Ettinger (MLE) process and membrane bioreactor (MBR) process assisted by microbial fuel cells (MFC) showed improved the nitrate-nitrogen removal efficiencies by upto 31% and 20% respectively, and reduced sludge produced by 11% and 6% respectively over the control reactors. While the unique design of the cathode significantly reduced physical membrane fouling, all other bioreactor performance was unaffected. Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) assisted Cr[VI] reduction was faster in 60 days as compared to 69 days with MFC assisted systems and 85 days with the control. The total Cr removal efficiencies in the control system and the MFC or MEC-assisted systems were 20%, 55%, and 65%, respectively, demonstrating the ability of BES in assisting wastewater remediation process. Finally, MECs incorporated into anaerobic digestion resulted in increased production of methane of 9.4 % or 8.5% with both glucose and activated sludge respectively as the substrate. The integration of MEC had no impact on acetoclastic methanogens involved in anaerobic digestion, but significantly increased the populations of hydrogenotrophic methanogens, especially Methanobacteriales. In conclusion, the integration of BES with conventional wastewater treatment and sludge digestion process enhanced the removal of organic matter, nitrate and toxic metals while supporting healthy microbial consortia.

Bacterial Remediation of Phenolic Compounds

Biotechnology ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 1910-1943
Author(s):  
Veena Gayathri Krishnaswamy
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Real Problem ◽  
Comprehensive Information ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Micro Organisms

Environmental pollution has been an irrefutable fact of life for many centuries; but it has become a real problem, since the start of the industrial revolution. Discharge of these toxic compounds without treatment results in serious health risks to humans and the marine ecosystem. Several physical, chemical and biological methods have been employed for the remediation of the phenolics. Bioremediation is identified as the most efficient, cost effective and eco-friendly ways for treatment of phenolic compounds. This article is a comprehensive review on the sources of phenolic compounds, their hazards, and their fate once released into the environment; the treatment technologies employed and bioremediation of these compounds using both non-extremophlic and extremophilic organisms. The review, throws light on the enzymes involved in the remediation of phenolic compounds, highlights the importance of extremophilic organisms and biological treatment of phenol containing industrial wastewaters. Such comprehensive information on the research work performed for the remediation of phenolic compounds provide ways to explore the role played by micro organisms in the remediation of phenolic compounds, which could be applied in the remediation of phenol /contaminated sites even under extreme conditions.

scholarly journals Contribution of different effluent organic matter fractions to membrane fouling in ultrafiltration of treated domestic wastewater

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 204-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Zheng ◽  
J. P. Croue
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Molecular Size ◽  
Effluent Organic Matter ◽  
Membrane Pore ◽  
Pore Opening ◽  
Organic Matter Fractions ◽  
Doc Load ◽  
Hydrophobic Acids

In the present work, effluent organic matter (EfOM) in treated domestic wastewater was separated into hydrophobic neutrals, colloids, hydrophobic acids, transphilic acids and neutrals and hydrophilic compounds. Their contribution to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was identified. Further characterization was conducted with respect to molecular size and hydrophobicity. Each isolated fraction was dosed into salt solution to identify its fouling potential in ultrafiltration (UF) using a hydrophilized polyethersulfone membrane. The results show that each kind of EfOM leads to irreversible fouling. At similar delivered DOC load to the membrane, colloids present the highest fouling effect in terms of both reversible and irreversible fouling. The hydrophobic organics show much lower reversibility than the biopolymers present. However, as they are of much smaller size than the membrane pore opening, they cannot lead to such severe fouling as biopolymers do. In all of the isolated fractions, hydrophilics show the lowest fouling potential. For either colloids or hydrophobic substances, increasing their content in feedwater leads to worse fouling. The co-effect between biopolymers and other EfOM fractions has also been identified as one of the mechanisms contributing to UF fouling in filtering EfOM-containing waters.

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