scholarly journals Final Report: Observational constraints on wet and dry deposition of black carbon to land surfaces

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delphine Farmer
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Observational Constraints ◽  
Wet And Dry Deposition ◽  
Land Surfaces

Year-Round Atmospheric Wet and Dry Deposition of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Water and Land Surfaces in Nanjing, China

2013 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
pp. 514-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liying Sun ◽  
Bo Li ◽  
Yuchun Ma ◽  
Jinyang Wang ◽  
Zhengqin Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Wet And Dry Deposition ◽  
Land Surfaces

Seasonal variations in black and organic carbon wet and dry deposition rates at SMEAR III station (60oN), Finland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Outi Meinander ◽  
Enna Heikkinen ◽  
Jonas Svensson ◽  
Minna Aurela ◽  
Aki Virkkula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Sampling Location ◽  
Atmospheric Measurements ◽  
Deposition Rates ◽  
Wet And Dry Deposition ◽  
Custom Made

<p>Black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC, including brown carbon BrC) aerosols in the atmosphere, and their wet and dry deposition, are important for their climatic and cryospheric effects. Seemingly small amounts of BC in snow, of the order of 10–100 parts per billion by mass (ppb), have been shown to decrease its albedo by 1–5 %. Due to the albedo-feedback mechanism, surface darkening accelerates snow and ice melt. In snow, the temporal variability of light absorbing aerosols, such as BC, depends both on atmospheric and cryospheric processes, mostly on sources and atmospheric transport, and dry and wet deposition processes, as well as post-depositional snow processes.</p><p>We started a new research activity on BC and OC wet and dry deposition at Helsinki Kumpula SMEAR III station (60°12 N, 24°57 E, Station for Measuring Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations, https://www.atm.helsinki.fi/SMEAR/index.php/smear-iii). The work included winter, spring, summer and autumn deposition samples during January 2019 - June 2020 (sampling is currently on hold). In winter, wet deposition consisted of snowfall and rainwater samples. Dry deposition samples were separately collected in 2020. For sample collection, a custom-made device, including a heating-system, was applied. The samples were analyzed using the OCEC analyzer of the Finnish Meteorological Institute’s aerosol laboratory, Helsinki, Finland. The special features in our deposition data are: </p><ul><li>seasonal BC, OC, and TC (total carbon, the sum of BC and OC) deposition data for an urban background station at 60 <sup>o</sup>N</li> <li>precipitation received as either water or snow  </li> <li>dry deposition samples included (only in 2020)</li> <li>data as wet and dry deposition rates [concentration/time/area]</li> <li>simultaneous atmospheric measurements of the SMEAR III station</li> </ul><p>Since our deposition samples are collected manually, the data are non-continuous, yet they allow us to provide deposition rates. Such data can be utilized in various modeling approaches including, for example, climate and long-range transport and deposition modeling. According to our knowledge, these data are the first BC (determined as elemental carbon, EC), OC and TC wet and dry deposition data to represent Finland. Our sampling location, north of 60 deg. N, can be useful for other high-latitude studies and Arctic assessments, too.</p><p><em>Acknowledgements. We gratefully acknowledge support from the Academy of Finland NABCEA-project of Novel Assessment of Black Carbon in the Eurasian Arctic (no. 296302) and the Academy of Finland Flagship funding (grant no. 337552).</em></p>

Identifying Sources of Sulfate Aerosols Reaching Whiteface Mountain, NY

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 98-101
Author(s):  
James S. Webber
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Acid Deposition ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Coal Combustion ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Sulfate Aerosols ◽  
Wet And Dry Deposition ◽  
Whiteface Mountain ◽  
Toxic Trace Metals

INTRODUCTION“Acid rain” and “acid deposition” are terms no longer confined to the lexicon of atmospheric scientists and 1imnologists. Public awareness of and concern over this phenomenon, particularly as it affects acid-sensitive regions of North America, have increased dramatically in the last five years. Temperate ecosystems are suffering from decreased pH caused by acid deposition. Human health may be directly affected by respirable sulfates and by the increased solubility of toxic trace metals in acidified waters. Even man's monuments are deteriorating as airborne acids etch metal and stone features.Sulfates account for about two thirds of airborne acids with wet and dry deposition contributing equally to acids reaching surface waters or ground. The industrial Midwest is widely assumed to be the source of most sulfates reaching the acid-sensitive Northeast since S02 emitted as a byproduct of coal combustion in the Midwest dwarfs S02 emitted from all sources in the Northeast.

Estimated range of black carbon dry deposition and the related snow albedo reduction over Himalayan glaciers during dry pre-monsoon periods

2013 ◽  
Vol 78 ◽  
pp. 259-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teppei J. Yasunari ◽  
Qian Tan ◽  
K.-M. Lau ◽  
Paolo Bonasoni ◽  
Angela Marinoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Snow Albedo ◽  
Himalayan Glaciers

scholarly journals Triple oxygen isotopes indicate urbanization affects sources of nitrate in wet and dry atmospheric deposition

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Nelson ◽  
Urumu Tsunogai ◽  
Ding Dong ◽  
Takuya Ohyama ◽  
Daisuke D. Komatsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Peroxy Radicals ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Wet And Dry Deposition ◽  
Atmospheric Nitrate ◽  
Nitrate Deposition

Abstract. Atmospheric nitrate deposition resulting from anthropogenic activities negatively affects human and environmental health. Identifying deposited nitrate that is produced locally vs. that originating from long-distance transport would help inform efforts to mitigate such impacts. However, distinguishing the relative transport distances of atmospheric nitrate in urban areas remains a major challenge since it may be produced locally and/or come from upwind regions. To address this uncertainty we assessed spatiotemporal variation in monthly weighted-average Δ17O and δ15N values of wet and dry nitrate deposition during one year at urban and rural sites along the western coast of the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido, downwind of the East Asian continent. Δ17O values of nitrate in wet deposition at the urban site mirrored those of wet and dry deposition at the rural site, ranging between ~ +22 and +30 ‰ with higher values during winter and lower values in summer, which suggests greater relative importance of oxidation of NO2 by O3 during winter and OH during summer. In contrast, Δ17O values of nitrate in dry deposition at the urban site were lower (+19–+25 ‰) and displayed less distinct seasonal variation. Furthermore, the difference between δ15N values of nitrate in wet and dry nitrate deposition was, on average, 3 ‰ greater at the urban than rural site, and Δ17O and δ15N values were correlated for both forms of deposition at both sites with the exception of dry deposition at the urban site. These results suggest that, relative to nitrate in wet deposition in urban environments and wet and dry deposition in rural environments, nitrate in dry deposition in urban environments forms from relatively greater oxidation of NO by peroxy radicals and/or oxidation of NO2 by OH. Given greater concentrations of peroxy radicals and OH in cities, these results imply that dry nitrate deposition results from local NOx emissions more so than wet deposition, which is transported longer distances. These results illustrate the value of stable isotope data for distinguishing the transport distances and reaction pathways of atmospheric nitrate pollution.

Assessing the impact of atmospheric wet and dry deposition using chemical and toxicological analysis

2000 ◽  
pp. 469-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Eleftheriadis ◽  
A. Angelaki ◽  
A. Kungolos ◽  
L. Nalbandian ◽  
G. P. Sakellaropoulos
Keyword(s):  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Wet And Dry Deposition ◽  
Toxicological Analysis ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Preliminary estimation of black carbon deposition from Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid data and its possible impact on snow albedo changes over Himalayan glaciers during the pre-monsoon season

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 9291-9328 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Yasunari ◽  
P. Bonasoni ◽  
P. Laj ◽  
K. Fujita ◽  
E. Vuillermoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Bound ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Deposition Velocity ◽  
Himalayan Region ◽  
Snow Surface ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Snow Albedo

Abstract. The possible minimal range of reduction in snow surface albedo due to dry deposition of black carbon (BC) in the pre-monsoon period (March–May) was estimated as a lower bound together with the estimation of its accuracy, based on atmospheric observations at the Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid (NCO-P) sited at 5079 m a.s.l. in the Himalayan region. We estimated a total BC deposition rate of 2.89 μg m−2 day−1 providing a total deposition of 266 μg m−2 for March–May at the site, based on a calculation with a minimal deposition velocity of 1.0×10−4 m s−1 with atmospheric data of equivalent BC concentration. Main BC size at NCO-P site was determined as 103.1–669.8 nm by correlation analysis between equivalent BC concentration and particulate size distribution in the atmosphere. We also estimated BC deposition from the size distribution data and found that 8.7% of the estimated dry deposition corresponds to the estimated BC deposition from equivalent BC concentration data. If all the BC is deposited uniformly on the top 2-cm pure snow, the corresponding BC concentration is 26.0–68.2 μg kg−1 assuming snow density variations of 195–512 kg m−3 of Yala Glacier close to NCO-P site. Such a concentration of BC in snow could result in 2.0–5.2% albedo reductions. From a simple numerical calculations and if assuming these albedo reductions continue throughout the year, this would lead to a runoff increases of 70–204 mm of water drainage equivalent of 11.6–33.9% of the annual discharge of a typical Tibetan glacier. Our estimates of BC concentration in snow surface for pre-monsoon season can be considered comparable to those at similar altitude in the Himalayan region, where glaciers and perpetual snow region starts in the vicinity of NCO-P. Our estimates from only BC are likely to represent a lower bound for snow albedo reductions, since a fixed slower deposition velocity was used and atmospheric wind and turbulence effects, snow aging, dust deposition, and snow albedo feedbacks were not considered. This study represents the first investigation about BC deposition on snow from atmospheric aerosol data in Himalayas and related albedo effect is especially the first track at the southern slope of Himalayas.

Mountain-valley circulation in central Chile: consequences for Black Carbon deposition over glaciers in wintertime and summertime

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rémy Lapere ◽  
Sylvain Mailler ◽  
Laurent Menut ◽  
Nicolás Huneeus
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Central Andes ◽  
Urban Air ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Time Dynamics ◽  
Mountain Valley ◽  
Stable Conditions

<p>The configuration of the Santiago basin, Chile (33.5°S 70.65°W) is quite unique in that it combines very strong emissions of urban anthropogenic pollutants with the steep topography of the coastal and Andes cordilleras surrounding the Metropolitan area. Interactions between atmospheric pollution and mountain meteorology are therefore exacerbated, and the potential for black carbon (BC) deposition on glaciers is strong. Based on chemistry-transport modeling with WRF-CHIMERE, we investigate (i) the pathways leading to deposition of BC from Santiago up to Andean glaciers in wintertime and (ii) the differences in magnitude and time dynamics of such deposition between wintertime and summertime.</p><p>Ice and snow in the central Andes contain significant amounts of BC often attributed to emissions from Santiago. However, given the usually stable conditions in wintertime and the height of the obstacle to overcome for urban air masses (Santiago is 500 m a.s.l., summits are above 4000 m a.s.l.) the pathways for such deposition are not straightforward. We find that, for a typical winter month, up to 40% of BC dry deposition on snow- or ice-covered areas in the central Andes directly downwind from the Metropolitan area can indeed be attributed to emissions from Santiago. The adjacent network of canyons plays a key role in this export: for the case of the Maipo canyon, polluted urban air masses follow gentle slopes upward in the afternoon, consistently with mountain-valley circulation, before being vertically exported when reaching the tip of the main canyon. Statistical analysis shows that zonal wind speed in the urban area and vertical diffusion deep into the canyon account for most of the variance in BC deposition.</p><p>In summertime, more intense convection takes place, and mountain-valley circulation is seldom perturbed by cloud cover, resulting in a greater export potential. Accordingly, summertime dry deposition of BC on glaciers occurs on a regular basis with equivalent amounts each day, contrarily to a more chaotic time series in wintertime. The contribution of wet deposition in winter (nonexistent in summer) exacerbates this irregularity. However, as a consequence of weaker emissions, average monthly dry deposition of BC over the central Andes glaciers (29°S to 38°S) is found to be less than half in summertime (135 µg/m<sup>2</sup>) compared to wintertime (320 µg/m<sup>2</sup>). Given the lesser role played by wood burning for residential heating in summertime, emissions from Santiago through traffic and industry dominate the signal leading to 55% of dry deposition, while it accounts for only 14% in wintertime, at the regional scale, due to more scattered sources.</p>

Atmospheric wet and dry deposition of dissolved inorganic nitrogen to the South China Sea

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 1339-1352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Gao ◽  
Lifang Wang ◽  
Xianghui Guo ◽  
Yi Xu ◽  
Li Luo
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
South China ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
The South ◽  
Wet And Dry Deposition ◽  
China Sea
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