Tear Film Osmolarity, Ocular Surface Disease and Glaucoma: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (22) ◽  
pp. 4241-4252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Fogagnolo ◽  
Giulia Torregrossa ◽  
Laura Tranchina ◽  
Antonio Ferreras ◽  
Stefano De Cillá ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Dry Eye ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Dry Eye Disease ◽  
Ocular Surface Disease ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
The World ◽  
Iatrogenic Damage ◽  
Surgical Treatments

Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness in the world, affecting more than 60 million people globally. In order to reduce the progression of the disease, both medical and surgical treatments are used. Frequent side effects of both treatments include a range of modifications of the ocular surface grouped as the Ocular Surface Disease (OSD), which include Dry Eye Disease (DED). DED and other OSD negatively impact on the success of anti-glaucoma treatments and reduce the adherence to medical therapies. Tear film osmolarity (TFO) is a relatively novel test which has become a hallmark of DED. The aim of this paper was to review the association between OSD, DED and glaucoma in view of published TFO data, and to discuss future fields of research and treatments on the topic of glaucoma iatrogenic damage.

scholarly journals The Effect of Tear Film Quality on Protective Properties against SARS-CoV-2 and on Further Risks of Infection in Dry Eye Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-64
Author(s):  
E. S. Protsenko ◽  
◽  
N. A. Remnyova ◽  
N. V. Panchenko
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Dry Eye ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Dry Eye Disease ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Tear Fluid ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Protective Properties ◽  
The World

SARS-CoV-2 is a new coronavirus causing global pandemic COVID-19 throughout the world, the clinical manifestations of which may include not only respiratory syndrome and systemic manifestations, but also eye symptoms. The purpose of the study. This study processed and presented to the scientific community the latest scientific evidence from the world literature regarding the effect of tear film quality on protective properties against SARS-CoV-2 and on further risks of COVID-19 infection in dry eye disease. Many studies have proven the presence of ACE2 as well as TMPRSS2 expression in the conjunctival and corneal epithelium and detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the tear fluid of infected patients, which indicates the ocular tissue tropism to the virus and its possible transmission through the ocular surface. The detection of SARS-CoV-2 in conjunctival or tear samples may depend on viral load and secretion, as well as on sampling time during the course of the disease. It has been suggested that SARS-CoV-2 is prone to exist on the surface of the eye in the early stages of conjunctivitis, and the viral load decreases after a few days. However, cases of virus detection without conjunctivitis may indicate that SARS-CoV-2 can cause latent and asymptomatic infection. With the introduction of protective anti-epidemic measures such as protective masks, the rapid increase and progression of dry eye disease has begun, which leads to decreased ocular surface immune mechanisms, and could potentially increase the risks of SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission. The mechanisms of protection of the healthy ocular surface and possible ways to combat SARS-CoV-2 were reviewed. And the potential causes of increased ocular surface infections during a pandemic were also shown. Through wearing of protective masks, there is additional dispersion of air around the eyes and accelerated evaporation of tear fluid with its thinning and rupture, which contributes to the progression of the prevalence of dry eye disease. The information confirmed by research has already appeared in the literature. This ocular surface condition has been defined by the term "MADE" – dry eye associated with wearing a mask. Dry eye disease, in turn, is a multifactorial ocular surface disease that results in tear film instability, hyperosmolar stress, and a cascade of inflammatory responses. This initiates ocular surface damage, impaired immune status, pathological apoptosis of conjunctival and corneal cells, and loss of basic protective function. Conclusion. Thus, given the obvious decrease in the immune defense mechanisms of the ocular surface in dry eye disease, which is a vulnerable place for virus penetration, this area deserves further in-depth study

scholarly journals Comparison of Clinical Use of Ocular-surface Disease Index Questionnaire, Tear Film Break-up time, and Schirmer Tests in Diagnosing Dry-eye

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Suwarna Suman ◽  
Prachi Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Dry Eye Disease ◽  
Disease Index ◽  
Ocular Surface Disease ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Ocular Surface Disease Index ◽  
Schirmer’S Test ◽  
The Mean

Aims:  To evaluate and compare the diagnostic values and clinical utility of the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, the tear film break-up time test (TBUT), and the Schirmer’s test in diagnosing dry eye disease in patients presenting with dry eye symptoms. Study Design: A prospective observational study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Ophthalmology, AIIMS Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. Two-month period between July 2016 and September 2016. Methodology: We have included 100 patients aged >20 years having foreign body sensations, burning sensations, pain, dryness, blurred vision, photophobia, redness in the study. Routine ophthalmological examination was performed after OSDI questionnaire, followed by TBUT and Schirmer’s test and outcomes were evaluated. Results: The mean age of 100 participants was 43 ± 15.97years (range 20–78 years). The mean OSDI, TBUT, and Schirmer’s test scores were 58.67± 12.12 (range 30.0–88.9), 5.77 ± 3.49 seconds (range 0–17 seconds), and 09.78 ± 7.93 mm (range 0–32.5 mm), respectively. There was a statistically highly significant inverse correlation between the OSDI and TBUT (r = −0.597, P = <0.0001), statistically significant correlation between TBUT and Schirmer test (r= -0.227, p= 0.023), whereas no significant correlation noted between the OSDI and Schirmer’s test (r= -0.142, p= 0.158).  Conclusion: The prevalence of dry eye disease (DED) is increasing these days. For early recognition and treatment, we need rapid, reliable and less invasive diagnostic test in daily practice. The OSDI together with the TBUT is less time consuming, easy to perform and can be useful in diagnosis of DED.

scholarly journals Tear Proteomics Study of Dry Eye Disease: Which Eye Do You Adopt as the Representative Eye for the Study?

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 422
Author(s):  
Ming-Tse Kuo ◽  
Po-Chiung Fang ◽  
Shu-Fang Kuo ◽  
Alexander Chen ◽  
Yu-Ting Huang
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Dry Eye Disease ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Mechanistic Studies ◽  
Clinical Tests ◽  
Tear Proteins ◽  
Proteomic Data ◽  
Surface Performance

Most studies about dry eye disease (DED) chose unilateral eye for investigation and drew conclusions based on monocular results, whereas most studies involving tear proteomics were based on the results of pooling tears from a group of DED patients. Patients with DED were consecutively enrolled for binocular clinical tests, tear biochemical markers of DED, and tear proteome. We found that bilateral eyes of DED patients may have similar but different ocular surface performance and tear proteome. Most ocular surface homeostatic markers and tear biomarkers were not significantly different in the bilateral eyes of DED subjects, and most clinical parameters and tear biomarkers were correlated significantly between bilateral eyes. However, discrepant binocular presentation in the markers of ocular surface homeostasis and the associations with tear proteins suggested that one eye’s performance cannot represent that of the other eye or both eyes. Therefore, in studies for elucidating tear film homeostasis of DED, we may lose some important messages hidden in the fellow eye if we collected clinical and proteomic data only from a unilateral eye. For mechanistic studies, it is recommended that researchers collect tear samples from the eye with more severe DED under sensitive criteria for identifying the more severe eye and evaluating the tear biochemical and proteomic markers with binocular concordance drawn in prior binocular studies.

scholarly journals Apigenin ameliorates ocular surface lesions in a rat model of dry eye disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 205873921881868
Author(s):  
Limei Liu ◽  
Dongdong Wei ◽  
Hongkun Xu ◽  
Changhui Liu
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Dry Eye Disease ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha

To study the effects of apigenin on dry eye disease (DED) in rats. Rats were divided into six groups: (I) normal control group, (II) DED control group, (III) vehicle control group, (IV) DED + apigenin 10 mg/kg, (V) DED + apigenin 20 mg/kg, and (VI) DED + apigenin 50 mg/kg. Schirmer test, tear film break-up time (BUT), and corneal fluorescein staining were used to evaluate the effects of apigenin on the ocular surface. The related inflammatory cytokines were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Histopathological examination and inflammatory index were also performed. The results showed that administration of apigenin was shown a significant effect on the recovery of ocular surface function. Compared to the control group, apigenin treatment in DED rats significantly decreased the level of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6); however, the interleukin-10 (IL-10) level was increased. Histopathological examination further verified the anti-inflammatory effects of apigenin on DED rats. The results demonstrated that apigenin could protect DED rats via inhibition of inflammation, suggesting that it may have potential as a therapy for DED.

scholarly journals Diagnostic Procedures and Management of Dry Eye

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Snježana Kaštelan ◽  
Martina Tomić ◽  
Jasminka Salopek-Rabatić ◽  
Branko Novak
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Dry Eye Disease ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Systematic Classification ◽  
Contact Lens Wear ◽  
Potential Damage

Dry eye disease or dysfunctional tear syndrome is among the most frequent diagnoses in ophthalmology. It is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface and tear film which results in ocular discomfort, visual disturbances, and tear instability with potential damage to the cornea and conjunctiva. Risk factors for dry eye syndrome include age, sex (female gender), race, contact lens wear, environment with low humidity, systemic medications, and autoimmune disorders. The aim of this paper is to present the systematic classification, epidemiology, diagnostic procedures, and advances in the management of dry eye disease. The recent improvements in comprehending the underlying etiologic factors will inevitably improve future classifications and diagnostic abilities leading to more effective therapeutic options. Treatment of this highly prevalent condition can drastically improve the quality of life of individuals and prevent damage to the ocular surface.

Expression of CCR5 and Its Ligands CCL3, -4, and -5 in the Tear Film and Ocular Surface of Patients with Dry Eye Disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Won Choi ◽  
Zhengri Li ◽  
Han-Jin Oh ◽  
Seong-Kyu Im ◽  
Seung-Hyun Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Dry Eye Disease ◽  
Eye Disease

scholarly journals Tear Film – Physiology and Disturbances in Various Diseases and Disorders

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Kopacz ◽  
Łucja Niezgoda ◽  
Ewa Fudalej ◽  
Anna Nowak ◽  
Piotr Maciejewicz
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Fluid Layer ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Dry Eye Disease ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Immune Protection ◽  
Topical Medications

The tear film is a thin fluid layer covering the ocular surface. It is responsible for ocular surface comfort, mechanical, environmental and immune protection, epithelial health and it forms smooth refractive surface for vision. The traditional description of the tear film divides it into three layers: lipid, aqueous and mucin. The role of each layer depends on the composition of it. Tear production, evaporation, absorption and drainage concur to dynamic balance of the tear film and leads to its integrity and stability. Nonetheless, this stability can be disturb in tear film layers deficiencies, defective spreading of the tear film, in some general diseases and during application of some general and/or topical medications. Dry eye disease is the result of it. In this review not only physiology of the tear film is presented. Moreover, we would like to discuss the influence of various diseases and conditions on the tear film and contrarily, spotlight tear film disorders as a manifestation of those diseases.

scholarly journals Pepys's Eyes: A Modern Answer to an Old Conundrum?

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. e27-e40
Author(s):  
David Harries
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Diagnostic Algorithm ◽  
Dry Eye Disease ◽  
Ocular Surface Disease ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Samuel Pepys

Samuel Pepys was forced to abandon his renowned diary because of increasing pain and fear of impending blindness. In addition to having refraction errors, it has been suggested that he may have had ocular surface disease to account for his hitherto unexplained photophobia. This article uses new resources to re-examine Pepys’s symptoms working on the hypothesis that he suffered from dry eye disease. Applying the diagnostic algorithm provided by DEWS II corroborates the hypothesis and provides the basis of a unifying diagnosisof eye strain similar to digital eye strain that would explain all of his symptoms.

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