scholarly journals Intermediate Effect Biomarkers--Alternatives to Direct Concentration- Response Data for Regulatory Benefits Analyses

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-77
Author(s):  
Dale Hattis
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutants ◽  
End Effects ◽  
Early Effect ◽  
Response Data ◽  
Public Health Protection

Perceived needs for extensive chemical-specific toxicological information have impeded efforts to assess risks and evaluate likely public health protection benefits of possible standards for hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). This paper discusses opportunities to use effects of HAPs on early effect biomarkers, such as birth weights, to predict likely changes in rare quantal effects of concern that would be relevant for the quantification of likely regulatory benefits from exposure reductions. In the birth weight example, even modest exposures to common air pollutants can be seen as producing a kind of tax on the limited resources available to the fetus to grow and develop. In contrast to teratogenic effects, dose response relationships for fetal growth restriction in animals are often nearly linear, suggesting that the developing fetus may not generally have untapped ”functional reserve capacity“ that is expected to buffer the effects of modest exposures to toxicants in the traditional toxicological paradigm. Given this mechanistic perspective, supported in part by parallel dose response relationships between reported cigarette smoking and both birth weight and infant mortality, restriction on fetal growth can be associated with changes in quantal end effects of concern that are more difficult to assess directly in epidemiological studies.

On combining dose—response data from epidemiological studies by meta-analysis

1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (5-7) ◽  
pp. 531-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Jay Smith ◽  
Samue L. P. Caudill ◽  
Karen K. Steinberg ◽  
Stephen B. Thacker
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Response Data

Maternal intermittent fasting during pregnancy: a translational research challenge for an important clinical scenario

2021 ◽  
Vol 135 (17) ◽  
pp. 2099-2102
Author(s):  
Dominique Darmaun
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Intermittent Fasting ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Ramadan Fasting ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Research Challenge

Abstract In volume 135, issue 11 of Clinical Science, Alkhalefah et al. report that, in pregnant rats, repeated, cyclic fasting, mimicking the fasting experienced by observant Muslim pregnant women during Ramadan, alters placental amino acid transport and increases the incidence of low birth weight. Though Muslim women are exempt, many observe Ramadan: >500 million fetuses worldwide may be exposed to Ramadan fasting in each generation, and low birth weight increases the risk of developing chronic disease in the future adult. Several mechanisms, including altered circadian rhythm, maternal stress, undernutrition or compensatory overeating at the breaking of fast, could, in theory, impact fetal growth during Ramadan. Limitations of the experimental model obviously prevent direct extrapolation to humans. Whether Ramadan fasting indeed affect fetal growth therefore remains unclear, as there is no clear-cut evidence from epidemiological studies. The paper illustrates the need to design further case-controlled studies in large cohorts of women who fasted at various stages of pregnancy, compared to appropriately matched women who did not fast, as well as more experimental studies focused on this issue of public health relevance.

Exposure to ambient gaseous air pollutants and adult lung function: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazhal Masroor ◽  
Mansour Shamsipour ◽  
Ramin Mehrdad ◽  
Farzad Fanaei ◽  
Mina Aghaei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Lung Function ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutants ◽  
Mortality Factors ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Abstract Exposure to hazardous air pollutants is identified as most obvious premature mortality factors in the world. Numerous epidemiological studies have estimated exposure to air pollutants may cause pulmonary toxicity and the incidence of respiratory diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis and asthma. The currently research was performed to evaluation the association between gaseous pollutants and lung function in healthy adults. Articles related to this study were selected from researches of Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. A total of 2,644 articles were retrieved and 39 records were reviewed after removing duplicates and excluding irrelevant studies. The result of this systematic review indicated that there is some evidence on decreasing lung function with exposure to gaseous air pollutants (NO2, SO2, and O3) which can have negative effects on human health. Although according to the evidence changes in lung function are mostly linked to the exposure to environmental pollutants including CO, O3, NO2 and SO2, the results should be interpreted with caution considering some following issues discussed in this review. Therefore, further studies are required considering well-designed studies in large scales to strengthen the evidence.

scholarly journals Evaluating Associations between Mixtures of Hazardous Air Pollutants and Birth Weight

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.K. Krajewski ◽  
M.P. Jimenez ◽  
L.C. Messer ◽  
D.T. Lobdell ◽  
T.J. Luben ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutants

scholarly journals Ethylene Oxide: Cancer Evidence Integration and Dose–Response Implications

Dose-Response ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 155932581988831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa J. Vincent ◽  
Jordan S. Kozal ◽  
William J. Thompson ◽  
Andrew Maier ◽  
G. Scott Dotson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
The United States ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Early Effect ◽  
Human Carcinogen ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Toxicological Studies

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) classified ethylene oxide (EtO) as a known human carcinogen. Critically, both noted that the epidemiological evidence based on lymphoid and breast cancers was “limited,” but that the evidence in animal studies was “sufficient” and “extensive” (respectively) and that EtO is genotoxic. The USEPA derived one of the highest published inhalation unit risk (IUR) values (3 × 10−3 per [µg/m3 EtO]), based on results from 2 epidemiological studies. We performed focused reviews of the epidemiological and toxicological evidence on the carcinogenicity of EtO and considered the USEPA’s reliance on a genotoxic mode of action to establish EtO’s carcinogenicity and to determine likely dose–response patterns. Higher quality epidemiological studies demonstrated no increased risk of breast cancers or lymphohematopoietic malignancies (LHM). Similarly, toxicological studies and studies of early effect biomarkers in animals and humans provided no strong indication that EtO causes LHM or mammary cancers. Ultimately, animal data are inadequate to define the actual dose–response shape or predict tumor response at very low doses with any confidence. We conclude that the IARC and USEPA classification of EtO as a known human carcinogen overstates the underlying evidence and that the IUR derived by USEPA grossly overestimates risk.

scholarly journals Essential concepts for interpreting the dose-response of low-level arsenic exposure in epidemiological studies

Toxicology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 457 ◽  
pp. 152801
Author(s):  
Joyce S. Tsuji ◽  
Kristin P. Lennox ◽  
Heather N. Watson ◽  
Ellen T. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Arsenic Exposure ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Low Level

Maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy and risk of low birth weight: a dose–response meta-analysis of cohort studies

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Sanaz Soltani ◽  
Asma Salari-Moghaddam ◽  
Parvane Saneei ◽  
Mohammadreza Askari ◽  
Bagher Larijani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Caffeine Consumption

scholarly journals Weighted mixed-effects dose–response models for tables of correlated contrasts

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 320-347
Author(s):  
Nicola Orsini
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Response Pattern ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Data Generation ◽  
Measures Of Association ◽  
Response Models ◽  
Response Data ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Generation Mechanisms

Recognizing a dose–response pattern based on heterogeneous tables of contrasts is hard. Specification of a statistical model that can consider the possible dose–response data-generating mechanism, including its variation across studies, is crucial for statistical inference. The aim of this article is to increase the understanding of mixed-effects dose–response models suitable for tables of correlated estimates. One can use the command drmeta with additive (mean difference) and multiplicative (odds ratios, hazard ratios) measures of association. The postestimation command drmeta_graph greatly facilitates the visualization of predicted average and study-specific dose–response relationships. I illustrate applications of the drmeta command with regression splines in experimental and observational data based on nonlinear and random-effects data-generation mechanisms that can be encountered in health-related sciences.

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