ABSTRACT
Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, human-pathogenic fungi found worldwide, are receiving increasing attention due to high morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. In the present work, 110 fungus pairs were constructed by coculturing 16 wood-decaying basidiomycetes, among which coculture of Trametes robiniophila Murr and Pleurotus ostreatus was found to strongly inhibit pathogenic fungi through bioactivity-guided assays. A combination of metabolomics and molecular network analysis revealed that 44 features were either newly synthesized or produced at high levels in this coculture system and that 6 of the features that belonged to a family of novel and unusual linear sesterterpenes contributed to high activity with MICs of 1 to 32 μg/ml against pathogenic fungi. Furthermore, dynamic 13C-labeling analysis revealed an association between induced features and the corresponding fungi. Unusual sesterterpenes were 13C labeled only in P. ostreatus in a time course after stimulation by the coculture, suggesting that these sesterterpenes were synthesized by P. ostreatus instead of T. robiniophila Murr. Sesterterpene compounds 1 to 3 were renamed postrediene A to C. Real-time reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis revealed that transcriptional levels of three genes encoding terpene synthase, farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase, and oxidase were found to be 8.2-fold, 88.7-fold, and 21.6-fold higher, respectively, in the coculture than in the monoculture, indicating that biosynthetic gene cluster 10 was most likely responsible for the synthesis of these sesterterpenes. A putative biosynthetic pathway of postrediene A to postrediene C was then proposed based on structures of sesterterpenes and molecular network analysis.
IMPORTANCE A number of gene clusters involved in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites are presumably silent or expressed at low levels under conditions of standard laboratory cultivation, resulting in a large gap between the pool of discovered metabolites and genome capability. This work mimicked naturally occurring competition by construction of an artificial coculture of basidiomycete fungi for the identification of secondary metabolites with novel scaffolds and excellent bioactivity. Unusual linear sesterterpenes of postrediene A to C synthesized by P. ostreatus not only were promising lead drugs against human-pathogenic fungi but also highlighted a distinct pathway for sesterterpene biosynthesis in basidiomycetes. The current work provides an important basis for uncovering novel gene functions involved in sesterterpene synthesis and for gaining insights into the mechanism of silent gene activation in fungal defense.
Molecular Network Analysis of Multiple Sclerosis Brain Lesion Proteome
