scholarly journals Are reinforcement sensitivity personality constructs and attentional control important predictors of restrictive disordered eating?

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Du Rocher ◽  
Jessica Barker ◽  
Monika I. Chalupka ◽  
Anna France ◽  
Raisa S. Habib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Attentional Control ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Trait Mindfulness ◽  
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory ◽  
Behavioural Inhibition ◽  
Approach And Avoidance ◽  
Reinforcement Sensitivity ◽  
History Of

The revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (rRST) perspective on personality suggests that a neuropsychological behavioural inhibition system (BIS), behavioural approach system (BAS), and a fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS) produce the key personality traits involved in approach and avoidance behaviours. This perspective on personality can be used as a framework for understanding psychopathology. Self-report research on rRST suggests that restrictive disordered eating relates to elevated BIS sensitivity, elevated FFFS sensitivity, and possibly dysfunctional BAS sensitivity. Disordered eating can also relate to reduced trait mindfulness, which is a broadly defined construct. Trait mindfulness is positively correlated with attentional control (AC) which is a more specific component of our cognitive architecture that incorporates attentional focusing and attentional shifting processes. It is unknown how BIS and AC interact to predict restrictive disordered eating. We tested how self-reported BIS, BAS, and FFFS sensitivity, AC, and trait mindfulness relate to restrictive disordered eating in 464 healthy participants, and 177 participants with a history of psychiatric disorder. We provide new evidence that elevated restrictive disordered eating relates to reduced self-reported AC abilities (in addition to elevated BIS, and elevated FFFS sensitivity). We illustrate that the combination of high BIS and low AC predicts high levels of restrictive disordered eating (but not in all participants), whereas low BIS and high AC predicts lower levels of restrictive disordered eating (but not in all participants). We discuss how understanding the relationship between personality and attentional control can inform the design of future intervention studies.  

scholarly journals Approach/avoidance personality traits as predictors of psychopathology in convicted offenders

Psihologija ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-91
Author(s):  
Katerina Naumova ◽  
Zoran Kitkanj
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Behavioral Approach ◽  
General Context ◽  
Behavioral Inhibition System ◽  
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory ◽  
Approach And Avoidance ◽  
Prison Programs ◽  
System Sensitivity ◽  
Forensic Sample

This study examined the role of approach and avoidance personality traits as temperamental risk factors for psychopathology using the revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory as theoretical framework. Self-report measures were administered to male convicted offenders (N = 162) and controls matched for age, education, and ethnicity (N = 162). The results show higher approach and passive avoidance tendencies in the forensic sample, as well as higher psychological distress relative to controls. In the forensic sample, both approach and avoidance traits can account for a high degree of psychopathology vulnerability. However, higher behavioral inhibition system sensitivity is the primary risk factor both for general distress and various dimensions of psychopathology, while lower behavioral approach system sensitivity predicts internalizing psychopathology, paranoid, and psychoticism symptoms. The findings are discussed both in the general context of personality-psychopathology links, as well as in the forensic context of potential mental health interventions as part of rehabilitation prison programs.

scholarly journals Social anxiety and rumination in the context of the revised reinforcement sensitivity theory and the mediation model of social anxiety

Psihologija ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 34-34
Author(s):  
Kristina Randjelovic ◽  
Nikola Cirovic
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Additional Contribution ◽  
Mediation Model ◽  
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory ◽  
Behavioural Inhibition ◽  
Thought Style ◽  
Sensitivity Theory ◽  
Reinforcement Sensitivity ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between temperament, ruminative thought style and social anxiety using latent variable modeling. Before examining the integrated model that specifies the relations between the constructs, relevant measurement issues were examined. The study was conducted on a heterogeneous sample from the general population that included 1,029 participants (62.1% female) aged 19 to 79. The findings show that the Behavioural Inhibition System is the most important vulnerability factor for the development of social anxiety, and it has both a direct effect and an indirect one through the ruminative thought style. Also, Freeze has an additional contribution to the increased experience of social anxiety. The Behavioural Approach System has complex effects on social anxiety - with a direct protective effect, and indirectly - with a facilitation of the ruminative thought style. Thus, BAS can also act as a risk factor. The findings support the revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory and provide a basis for the extension of the Kimbrel?s Mediation Model of Social Anxiety

scholarly journals Bridging Classical and Revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Research: A Longitudinal Analysis of a Large Population Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela A. Espinoza Oyarce ◽  
Richard Burns ◽  
Peter Butterworth ◽  
Nicolas Cherbuin
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Community Survey ◽  
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory ◽  
Behavioural Inhibition ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Sensitivity Theory ◽  
Reinforcement Sensitivity ◽  
Theory Research

The reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) proposes that neurobiological systems mediate protective and appetitive behaviours and the functioning of these systems is associated to personality traits. In this manner, the RST is a link between neuroscience, behaviour, and personality. The theory evolved to the present revised version describing three systems: fight-flight-freezing, behavioural approach/activation (BAS), and behavioural inhibition (BIS). However, the most widely available measure of the theory, the BIS/BAS scales, only investigates two systems. Using a large longitudinal community survey, we found that the BIS/BAS scales can be re-structured to investigate the three systems of the theory with a BIS scale, three BAS scales, and a separate fight-flight-freezing system (FFFS) scale. The re-structured scales were age, sex, and longitudinally invariant, and associations with personality and mental health measures followed theoretical expectations and previously published associations. The proposed framework can be used to investigate behavioural choices influencing physical and mental health and bridge historical with contemporary research.

scholarly journals Impulsivity and Behaviour Problems in Dogs: A Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Perspective

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrizia Piotti ◽  
Liam Satchell ◽  
Tom Lockhart
Keyword(s):  
Behaviour Problems ◽  
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory ◽  
Approach And Avoidance ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Sensitivity Theory ◽  
Reinforcement Sensitivity ◽  
Trait Impulsivity ◽  
Relevant Topic ◽  
Personality Models ◽  
Neuropsychological Theory

Trait impulsivity is an increasingly relevant topic for human and non-human animal personality research. There are similarities in dog and human manifestations of trait impulsivity at the behavioural, genetic, and neurobiological level. We investigated a well-validated measure of dog impulsivity and responsivity (the Dog Impulsivity Assessment Scale, DIAS) and a neuropsychological theory of human trait approach and avoidance (the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of personality, RST). Owners reported their dogs’ dispositional behaviour on the DIAS, an RST scale modified to describe dogs’ behaviour, and a list of common dog behaviour problems. In a sample of 730 dogs, we observed convergence between the RST and the DIAS. There was a negative correlation between RST ‘Behaviour Inhibition System’ and DIAS impulsivity factor (‘Behavioural Regulation’). RST ‘Behavioural Approach System’ correlated positively with DIAS ‘Responsiveness’. The RST ‘Fight-Flight-Freeze System’ (FFFS) and the DIAS ‘Aggression and response to novelty factor were both distinct from other factors. However, the DIAS ‘Aggression and response to novelty’ factor and the RST FFFS explained different aspects of dog behaviour problems. Importantly, whilst the DIAS factors indicated tendencies towards avoidant behaviours, the FFFS discriminated between active and passive avoidance. The findings suggest a partial overlapping between the DIAS and RST scales, and highlights the utility of personality models in investigating behaviour problems in dogs.

scholarly journals Interdependent Neural Correlates of Reward and Punishment Sensitivity During Rewarded Action and Inhibition of Action

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 1662-1676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thang M Le ◽  
Wuyi Wang ◽  
Simon Zhornitsky ◽  
Isha Dhingra ◽  
Sheng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Behavioral Approach ◽  
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory ◽  
Approach And Avoidance ◽  
Sensitivity To Reward ◽  
Reinforcement Sensitivity ◽  
Brain Correlates

Abstract Imaging studies have distinguished the brain correlates of approach and avoidance behaviors and suggested the influence of individual differences in trait sensitivity to reward (SR) and punishment (SP) on these neural processes. Theoretical work of reinforcement sensitivity postulates that SR and SP may interdependently regulate behavior. Here, we examined the distinct and interrelated neural substrates underlying rewarded action versus inhibition of action in relation to SR and SP as evaluated by the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire. Forty-nine healthy adults performed a reward go/no-go task with approximately 2/3 go and 1/3 no-go trials. Correct go and no-go responses were rewarded and incorrect responses were penalized. The results showed that SR and SP modulated rewarded go and no-go, respectively, both by recruiting the rostral anterior cingulate cortex and left middle frontal gyrus (rACC/left MFG). Importantly, SR and SP influenced these regional activations in opposite directions, thus exhibiting an antagonistic relationship as suggested by the reinforcement sensitivity theory. Furthermore, mediation analysis revealed that heightened SR contributed to higher rewarded go success rate via enhanced rACC/left MFG activity. The findings demonstrate interrelated neural correlates of SR and SP to support the diametric processes of behavioral approach and avoidance.

scholarly journals Does behavioural inhibition system dysfunction contribute to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder?

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sadeghi ◽  
J. McIntosh ◽  
S. M. Shadli ◽  
D. Healey ◽  
R. Rostami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory ◽  
Behavioural Inhibition ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Reinforcement Sensitivity ◽  
Externalising Disorders ◽  
Anxiolytic Drugs ◽  
Behavioural Inhibition System

Abstract The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality has as its main foundation a Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS), defined by anxiolytic drugs, in which high trait sensitivity should lead to internalising, anxiety, disorders. Conversely, it has been suggested that low BIS sensitivity would be a characteristic of externalising disorders. BIS output should lead to increased arousal and attention as well as behavioural inhibition. Here, therefore, we tested whether an externalising disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), involves low BIS sensitivity. Goal-Conflict-Specific Rhythmicity (GCSR) in an auditory Stop Signal Task is a right frontal EEG biomarker of BIS function. We assessed children diagnosed with ADHD-I (inattentive) or ADHD-C (combined) and healthy control groups for GCSR in: a) an initial smaller study in Dunedin, New Zealand (population ~120,000: 15 control, 10 ADHD-I, 10 ADHD-C); and b) a main larger one in Tehran, Iran (population ~9 [city]-16 [metropolis] million: 27 control, 18 ADHD-I, 21 ADHD-C). GCSR was clear in controls (particularly at 6–7 Hz) and in ADHD-C (particularly at 8–9 Hz) but was reduced in ADHD-I. Reduced attention and arousal in ADHD-I could be due, in part, to BIS dysfunction. However, hyperactivity and impulsivity in ADHD-C are unlikely to reflect reduced BIS activity. Increased GCSR frequency in ADHD-C may be due to increased input to the BIS. BIS dysfunction may contribute to some aspects of ADHD (and potentially other externalising disorders) and to some differences between the ADHD subtypes but other prefrontal systems (and, e.g. dopamine) are also important.

Resilience Mediates the Relationship Between PTSD Symptoms and Disordered Eating in College Women Who Have Experienced Sexual Victimization

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052091858
Author(s):  
Ava K. Fergerson ◽  
Amy M. Brausch
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Sexual Victimization ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
History Of ◽  
Disordered Eating Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

It is widely known that sexual assault disproportionately affects women, and college-aged women are particularly at risk. Sexual assault can occur at any age and may have a varying range of emotional consequences for survivors, including pathological coping mechanisms such as disordered eating behaviors. This study examined the mediating effect of resilience on the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and disordered eating behavior in a sample of women who reported experiencing sexual assault in adulthood. The sample included 312 undergraduate women who identified as majority White (81.4%) and heterosexual (77.9%). Participants completed measures assessing history of sexual experiences, PTSD symptoms, disordered eating behavior, and resilience. Only those who reported experiences of sexual victimization since age 14+ were included in analyses. Results confirmed the hypothesis, as resilience significantly mediated the relationship between PTSD symptoms and disordered eating behavior in a sample of women with a history of sexual victimization. These results highlight the importance of resilience as a mitigating factor in recovery from sexual trauma. Other research indicates that resilience may have emotion-regulatory benefits that mitigate the development of disordered eating behavior. However, the specific functionality of resilience as a protective factor after sexual victimization is unclear. Further research should focus on ways to foster resilience in a clinical setting for those with a history of sexual victimization. Limitations of this study include underrepresentation of racial and ethnic minorities, as well as use of entirely self-report measures.

scholarly journals At Long Last – A Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Explanation of Procrastination

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 234-241
Author(s):  
Catherine Bennett ◽  
Alison M. Bacon
Keyword(s):  
Academic Procrastination ◽  
Behavioral Inhibition System ◽  
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory ◽  
Approach And Avoidance ◽  
Avoidance Motivation ◽  
Sensitivity Theory ◽  
High Reward ◽  
Reinforcement Sensitivity ◽  
Approach And Avoidance Motivation ◽  
And Performance

Abstract. Procrastination can result in poor wellbeing and performance in academia and the workplace. The present study combined personality and motivational explanations by examining procrastination through the lens of Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST), which assumes that personality traits are underpinned by basic systems of approach and avoidance motivation. Students ( N = 336; Mage = 21.34) and non-students ( N = 187; Mage = 37.98) completed the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ), measures of unintentional and general procrastination and, for students only, a measure of academic procrastination. In both samples, high impulsivity and high Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) activation was associated with reports of general procrastination. In students, high Reward Reactivity (RR) was additionally associated with Unintentional Procrastination (UP), while low Goal-drive Persistence was associated with all forms of procrastination. These data suggest a role for both approach and avoidance motivations in procrastination. Results are discussed in terms of RST and implications for intervention.

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