scholarly journals Comparison of systemic and intramammary dry cow treatments

2013 ◽  
pp. 3259-3264 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Andres Contreras B ◽  
Walter M. Guterbock ◽  
Juan Muñoz R ◽  
Phillip M. Sears
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Intramammary Infections ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Dairy Herd Improvement Association

ABSTRACTObjective. To compare four different dry cow treatments (DCT) and establish their effectiveness in reducing intramammary infections (IIM). Materials and methods. DCTs included systemic tylosin (12g) alone or accompanied by cefapirine intramammary infusions and or an internal teat sealant. A total number of 278 cows at the end of lactation period were randomly assigned to one of 4 dry cow treatment groups: CESE Group (n=89), intramammary cephapirin and teat sealant. TYCESE Group (n=84), intramammary cephapirin, tylosin 12 g intramuscular and teat sealant. TYSE Group (n=86), 12 g intramuscular tylosin and teat sealant; TY Group (n=76) 12 g intramuscular tylosin only. Milk samples for culture were collected at dry-off and 1 and 2 weeks after calving. Somatic cell counts (SCC) were taken from Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHI) tests at dry-off, and the first two test days after calving. Results. Bacteria cure rate for Gram-positive intramammary infections (IMI) for TYCESE group was 93.6%, CESE group 78.9%, TYSE group 88.2%, and TY group 78.1%. All four groups showed a decrease in the SCC upon the first and second test after calving. Conclusions. The use of systemic tylosin in combination with intramammary antibiotics increased DCT effectiveness improving the Gram-positive cure rate IMI. Furthermore, systemic tylosin alone plus teat sealant is as effective as cephapirin plus teat sealant when used as DCT.

scholarly journals Variation in Somatic Cell Counts in Dairy Herd Improvement Milk Samples

1976 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 1119-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.W. Bodoh ◽  
W.J. Battista ◽  
L.H. Schultz ◽  
R.P. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Cell Counts

Use of the Fossomatic Somatic Cell Counts in a Mastitis Control Program1

1977 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 490-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. JONES ◽  
C. W. HEALD ◽  
W. N. PATTERSON ◽  
D. E. ROBINSON
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Herd Milk ◽  
Mastitis Control

The Fossomatic determination of somatic cells present in individual cow milk samples was instituted in the Virginia Dairy Herd Improvement testing program in June, 1976. During the first 6 months the average count was 449,060 cells/ml for 113,735 observations. The average percentage of cows according to ranges in cell counts was: under 150,000, 47.9%; 150–400,000, 25.8%; 400–800,000, 12.5%; 800–1,500,000, 7.2%; and over 1,500,000, 6.6%. The percentage of cows with less than 150,000 cells/ml was reduced for September, 1976. On a herd basis, 66% averaged less than 500,000 cells/ml, 30% between 500 to 1,000,000, and 4% exceeded 1,000,000. The percentage of herds with less than 500,000 cells/ml decreased from June to September, 1976 but increased in October. Quarters infected with primary pathogens were estimated by Westgarth's equation to be 10.4% resulting in a calculated 5% reduction in total herd milk production. Procedures are described which would assist dairymen in the interpretation of somatic cell counts.

Evaluation of low cost in-line milk samplers for estimating individual cow somatic cell counts

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
TIMOTHY CLARKE ◽  
SIMON-PETER ANDREWS ◽  
PETER J. MOATE ◽  
CARMEL A. POLLINO ◽  
WERNER L. SCHMIDT
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Large Collection ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
High Line

The Dairy Herd Improvement Fund of Victoria recently identified a requirement for a simple and inexpensive in-line sampler to enable dairy farmers to collect representative milk samples for counting somatic cells. We found that the currently available simple in-line milk samplers, when connected to standard 35 ml collection vessels, terminate sampling early in a milking, and thus provide samples that are unrepresentative of the whole milking. We showed that cell count during a milking varies greatly, tending to be high for the first 1–2 l. Analyses of resulting samples will thus tend to overestimate cell counts if samplers are used in their traditional way. We found greater sampling rates in high-line compared with low-line milking systems, and consequently developed modified samplers suitable for both situations. Our samplers utilize low sampling rates (∼1–3%) and large collection vessels (450 ml). Compared with currently available simple in-line samplers, our type of sampler provided milk samples considerably more representative of the entire milking for the majority of cows. In conjunction with subsampling, they provided samples of appropriate size (12·5 ml minimum to 25 ml maximum) for testing fat, protein, lactose and cell count. Cell count results indicated that errors associated with the use of currently available simple in-line samplers could frequently be >200%. In contrast, we found that use of our samplers gave an estimate for cell count that was only slightly higher (mean 20%) than that from samples collected by an approved Tru-Test sampler.

Lactoferrin concentrations in bovine milk prior to dry-off

2009 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 426-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kari A Newman ◽  
Päivi J Rajala-Schultz ◽  
Jeffrey Lakritz ◽  
Fred J DeGraves
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Infection Status ◽  
Intramammary Infections ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Iron Binding Protein ◽  
High Concentrations

Concentration of natural protective factors (NPFs) which have the ability to inhibit growth of mastitis-causing pathogens increase rapidly following the cessation of milking of dairy cows. One such NPF is lactoferrin, an iron-binding protein present in high concentrations in dry-cow secretions. Earlier studies have demonstrated that intermittent milking at the end of lactation increases levels of NPFs in milk and may decrease prevalence of intramammary infections at calving; however, most of these studies date back several decades and may not apply to current high-producing cows. The objective of this study was to assess whether an intermittent milking schedule prior to dry-off increases the concentration of lactoferrin in mammary secretions at the end of lactation and what other factors influence lactoferrin concentration at dry-off. One week prior to dry-off (pre-dry), cows were randomly assigned to an intermittent milking schedule or they continued to be milked twice daily. Duplicate quarter milk samples for microbiological culture were taken at pre-dry and at dry-off to determine infection status of quarters. Quarter somatic cell counts (SCC) were measured on the day of dry-off. Lactoferrin concentrations were quantified by ELISA. Intermittent milking, mean SCC for the last three months prior to dry-off, SCC at dry-off, lactoferrin concentration at pre-dry, quarter infection status at pre-dry and dry-off, days in milk at dry-off, breed, parity, cumulative milk yield for the final week of lactation and season were considered as potential explanatory variables. Their effect on lactoferrin concentration at dry-off was assessed using a mixed-effects linear regression model. Lactoferrin concentration increased significantly during the final week of lactation for cows on an intermittent milking schedule and was significantly associated with initial lactoferrin concentration and infection status at dry-off.

Frequency of individual udder quarters with elevated CMT scores in cows' milk samples with low somatic cell counts

2004 ◽  
Vol 155 (7) ◽  
pp. 213-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Berglund ◽  
G. Pettersson ◽  
K. Svennersten‐Sjaunja ◽  
K. Östensson
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Cell Counts

scholarly journals Effects of Pre-Parturient Iodine Teat Dip Applications on Modulating Aversive Behaviors and Mastitis in Primiparous Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1623
Author(s):  
Hannah N. Phillips ◽  
Ulrike S. Sorge ◽  
Bradley J. Heins
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Intramammary Infections ◽  
Aureus Infection ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Teat Dipping

Heifers and their human handlers are at risk for decreased welfare during the early lactation period. This experiment investigated pre-parturient teat dipping and parlor acclimation to reduce mastitis and aversive behaviors in early lactation heifers. Three weeks prior to calving, heifers were randomly assigned to receive either: (1) a weekly 1.0% iodine-based teat dip in the parlor (trained; n = 37) or (2) no treatment (control; n = 30). For the first 3 days of lactation, heifers were milked twice daily, and treatment-blinded handlers assessed behaviors and clinical mastitis. Aseptic quarter milk samples were collected within 36 h of calving and analyzed for pathogens. Control heifers had (OR ± SE) 2.2 ± 0.6 times greater (p < 0.01) odds of kicking during milking. Trained heifers had (OR ± SE) 1.7 ± 0.4 times greater (p = 0.02) odds of being very calm during milking, while control heifers had 2.2 ± 0.8 and 3.8 ± 2.1 times greater (p < 0.04) odds of being restless and very restless or hostile during milking, respectively. Quarters of control heifers had (OR ± SE) 5.4 ± 3.4 greater (p < 0.01) odds of intramammary Staphylococcus aureus infection, yet clinical mastitis was similar among treatments. The results indicate that teat dipping in the parlor weekly for 3 weeks before calving may alleviate some aversive milking behaviors and protect against early lactation S. aureus intramammary infections.

scholarly journals Extensive Countrywide Field Investigation of Somatic Cell Counts and Total Bacterial Counts in Bulk-Tank Raw Milk in Sheep Flocks in Greece

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 268
Author(s):  
Daphne T. Lianou ◽  
Charalambia K. Michael ◽  
Natalia G. C. Vasileiou ◽  
Efthymia Petinaki ◽  
Peter J. Cripps ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Mechanical Ventilators ◽  
Bulk Tank Milk ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Bulk Tank

Objectives were to investigate somatic cell counts (SCC) and total bacterial counts (TBC) in the raw bulk-tank milk of sheep flocks in Greece, to study factors potentially influencing increased SCC and TBC in the bulk-tank milk of sheep and to evaluate possible associations of SCC and TBC with milk content. Throughout Greece, 325 dairy sheep flocks were visited for collection of milk sampling for somatic cell counting, microbiological examination and composition measurement. Geometric mean SCC were 0.488 × 106 cells mL−1; geometric mean TBC were 398 × 103 cfu mL−1; 228 staphylococcal isolates were recovered form 206 flocks (63.4%). Multivariable analyses revealed annual incidence risk of clinical mastitis, age of the farmer and month into lactation period (among 53 variables) to be significant for SCC > 1.0 × 106 cells mL−1 and month into lactation period at sampling and availability of mechanical ventilators (among 58 variables) to be significant for TBC > 1500 × 103 cfu mL−1. Negative correlation of SCC with fat, total protein and lactose and positive correlation of SCC with added water were found. With SCC > 1.0 × 106 cells mL−1, significant reduction of protein content (2%) was observed, whilst in flocks with SCC > 1.5 × 106 cells mL−1, significantly lower annual milk production per ewe (42.9%) was recorded.

scholarly journals Rapid Detection of Mycoplasma bovis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae in Cattle Bulk Tank Milk in Cyprus and Relations with Somatic Cell Counts

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 841
Author(s):  
Maria Liapi ◽  
George Botsaris ◽  
Costas Arsenoglou ◽  
Nikolas Markantonis ◽  
Christodoulos Michael ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Streptococcus Agalactiae ◽  
Mycoplasma Bovis ◽  
Bulk Tank Milk ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Bulk Tank

One hundred and seventy-seven (177) bulk tank milk samples were analyzed with a commercially available real-time polymerase chain reaction kit and 11 (6.21%), 41 (23.16%), and 58 (32.77%) tested positive for Mycoplasma bovis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus agalactiae, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed a significant relationship between the presence of S. aureus and S. agalactiae. Enumeration of somatic cells was performed in the same samples by flow cytometry. The somatic cell counts were found higher in S. aureus and S. agalactiae positive samples. No association was found between M. bovis presence and somatic cells counts. Low internal assay control Ct values were found to be related with high somatic cell counts. Noticeably, this is the first report for the presence of M. bovis in Cyprus. Therefore, its presence was confirmed by bulk tank milk culture, conventional PCR, and next generation sequencing. Furthermore, M. bovis was typed with multilocus sequencing typing and was allocated to sequence type 29 (ST 29). Real-time PCR in bulk tank milk samples is a useful tool to detect mammary infections, especially for neglected pathogens such as M. bovis.

scholarly journals Prevalence of coagulase-negative staphylococci in bovine mastitis in Zimbabwe

2002 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kudinha ◽  
C. Simango
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Bacillus Species ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Cell Counts

This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of coagulase-negative staphylococci in clinical and subclinical mastitis in commercial and small-scale farms in Zimbabwe. Thirty five quarter milk samples from clinical mastitis cases and 371 quarter milk samples from cows with subclinical mastitis were cultured for bacterial pathogens. The most frequent pathogens isolated in clinical mastitis were the enteric bacteria (31.4 %), followed by coagulase negative staphylococci (22.9 %) and then Staphylococcus aureus (17.1 %), whereas in subclinical mastitis S. aureus (34.2 %) and coagulase-negative staphylococci were (33.2 %) the most common. Bacillus species were only isolated in milk samples from subclinical mastitis. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were observed in mixed infections with other bacteria in only 2.2 % of the 406 milk samples from clinical and subclinical mastitis where they were isolated together with Bacillus species in 6 of the 9 mixed infection cases. About 95 % of the milk samples from which 131 coagulase-negative staphylococci were isolated had correspondingly high somatic cell counts. The coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated most frequently were S. chromogenes (7.9 %), S. epidermidis (7.4 %) and S. hominis (5.9 %). They were all associated with high somatic cell counts. All the coagulase-negative staphylococci isolates were susceptible to cloxacillin and erythromycin, and more than 90 %of the isolates were susceptible to neomycin, penicillin and streptomycin. The highest resistance was to tetracycline (17.6 %), followed by lincomycin (13.7 %). About 8 % of the isolates were resistant to both penicillin and streptomycin.

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