Review on Emergency Evacuation Time Estimation for Performance-Based Fire Safety Design

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Li ◽  
W. K. Chow
Keyword(s):  
Fire Safety ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Emergency Evacuation ◽  
Evacuation Time ◽  
Safety Design ◽  
Fire Safety Design

Modelling of the Human Behavior in Evacuation

2014 ◽  
Vol 580-583 ◽  
pp. 2663-2666
Author(s):  
Lan Wei ◽  
Chao Yang Zhao ◽  
Wei Feng Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Automaton ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Numerical Test ◽  
Emergency Evacuation ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Safety Design ◽  
Ca Model ◽  
Fire Safety Design ◽  
In Fire

Emergency evacuation is an important issue in fire safety. In this study, a cellular automaton (CA) model in which the human behaviour termed ‘flow with the stream’ is considered is proposed to simulate the procedure of emergency evacuation. Based on the CA model, the influence of the number of guiders to the evacuation from a large compartment is analyzed through numerical test. The result shows that the proposed CA model is a promising tool that may be used in fire safety design.

scholarly journals A Simplified Method for Establishing Safe Available Evacuation Time Based on a Descending Smoke Layer 

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
Jiri Pokorny ◽  
Vladimir Mozer ◽  
Lenka Malerova ◽  
Dagmar Dlouha ◽  
Peter Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Fire Safety ◽  
Air Entrainment ◽  
New Method ◽  
Fire Growth ◽  
Design Standards ◽  
Evacuation Time ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Safety Design ◽  
Smoke Layer ◽  
Fire Safety Design

Keeping the smoke layer at a safe height is one of the most important tenability criteria in assessment of evacuation from buildings. The basis of this approach is an accurate approximation of the fire and smoke plume, which is formed above the fire source. The major variables affecting smoke filling are the fire growth rate and enclosure geometry, i.e. the floor area and height. This paper deals with the implementation of a new method for establishing safe available evacuation time based on the fundamental principles of smoke generation and flow into the national fire safety design standards in the Czech and Slovak Republic. Some of these calculation methods have also been included in fire safety engineering ISO standards. The devised method is based on the t-squared fire growth model and correlations for smoke production and air entrainment into the rising plume of smoke. Subsequently, the proposed method is validated against a wide range of benchmark scenarios in the two-zone fire model CFAST. The paper compares the differences, comments on their causes and evaluates the applicability of the new method in both countries. The proposed method is not only compatible with the national fire safety design standards, but also allows for a more precise assessment of life safety without the need for overly complicated calculations.

scholarly journals Customising Evacuation Instructions for High-Rise Residential Occupants to Expedite Fire Egress: Results from Agent-Based Simulation

Fire ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Michael Gerges ◽  
Peter Demian ◽  
Zulfikar Adamu
Keyword(s):  
Fire Safety ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Evacuation Time ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Safety Design ◽  
Fire Safety Design ◽  
Simulation Results

As the possibility of safe escape is one of the most crucial aspects of a building’s fire safety features, understanding of human behaviour under fire conditions is important for a successful evacuation. Although most of today’s buildings are equipped with fire safety systems, a fire can still occur at anytime and anywhere in a building and have devastating consequences. In the last decade, researchers and practitioners have used information technology to assist with fire safety design and emergency management. Building Information Modelling (BIM) is an exemplar process whose underpinning digital technology has been helpful for fire safety design, simulation, and analysis, but there is a lack of research on how BIM-based models combined with agent-based simulations can help improve evacuation via effective navigation and wayfinding in high-rise residential buildings. Customising evacuation instructions based on BIM, simulation results and occupant location, and delivery of these bespoke instructions to occupants’ smartphones during a fire emergency is relatively novel and research is needed to realise the potential of this approach. Therefore, this study investigates how customised evacuation instructions delivered to each occupant in a high-rise residential building could result in a faster evacuation during a fire incident. The research adopted a case study building and used Pathfinder (agent-based evacuation simulation software) to simulate evacuation from this eleven-floor high-rise residential building in Cairo, Egypt. Constraining evacuees (simulated agents in Pathfinder) to take particular exit routes was used as a proxy for delivering customised evacuation instructions to actual evacuees. Simulation results show that, in general, allowing the use of lifts for the benefit of disabled occupants could lead to their misuse by able-bodied occupants; evacuees would attempt to use the first visible point of exit regardless of how crowded it is. With optimally customised instructions, the evacuation time was, on average, 17.6 min (almost 50%) shorter than when the occupant’s choice of egress route was simulated based on standard path planning factors such as route length, nearby crowds and visible hazards. With evacuation instructions sent via smartphones, occupants could exit more rapidly via alternative routes. Such bespoke instructions were shown to reduce the adverse effects of crowdedness and uneven distribution of occupants along vertical and horizontal evacuation routes on evacuation time.

scholarly journals PERFORMANCE-BASED FIRE SAFETY DESIGN FOR A LARGE SCALE UNDERGROUND CAR-PARK

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (56) ◽  
pp. 223-228
Author(s):  
Masahito KIKUCHI ◽  
Kiyoshi FUKUI ◽  
Ayako TANNO ◽  
Moyu SEIKE ◽  
Jun KITAHORI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fire Safety ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Safety Design ◽  
Car Park ◽  
Fire Safety Design

Case Study on Modeling Fire Action Complexity in Fire Safety Engineering of Structures

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 102-107
Author(s):  
Constantin Sorin Scutarasu ◽  
Dan Diaconu-Şotropa ◽  
Marinela Barbuta
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Structural Safety ◽  
Modular Organization ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Safety Design ◽  
Fire Safety Design ◽  
Technical Regulations

Important goals in the fire safety design, such as preventing loss of life and goods damage, are achieved by maintaining the stability of structures exposed to fire for a period of time established by norms and standards. Real fire scenarios confirm that the specific technical regulations which actually have a prescriptive character (both national and international) do not deal with sufficient possibilities regarding the assessment of structural fire safety. The new approach on structural safety, based on engineering notions, gives us additional prospects on it and it is included in the issues of the fire safety design of structures. A relatively new field of study, known by a few professionals focused on fire safety (but well acknowledged in the research area), fire safety design met with lots of changes and restructuring of the governing concepts and procedures and of the information with which they operate, due to the fast accumulation of experience in this area of engineering activity. Consequently, after countries such as Australia, Canada, New Zeeland or USA provided towards professionals specific technical regulations for fire safety design, groups of experts in these aforementioned countries have joined their forces to try to diminish the differences that exists between those regulations and to give a unitary character to them, a better conceptualized engineering approach of the fire safety design. The result: occurrence of the publication International Fire Engineering Guidelines (last edition from 2005). The systematic approach of fire safety design in constructions pointed, once again, the possibility of modular organization of this field of study, the relations between modules being established according to the objective or objectives in the fire safety design for a specified building. This article aims to put forward, from this modularized perspective, the study of the fire safety design of a building exposed to fire; hence, the practical part of the article exhibits the numerical simulation of initialization and development of the fire process for a large scale religious building. The main features of the building represent the amount of space that facilitates the spreading of smoke and warm gases and which increases the risk of damaging the structural reinforced concrete elements. Application calls to specific numerical simulation with a higher degree of credibility, such as those realized by the FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulation) software.

scholarly journals Fire safety design of open plan apartments in England

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 391-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlie Hopkin ◽  
Michael Spearpoint ◽  
Danny Hopkin ◽  
Yong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Fire Safety ◽  
Safety Design ◽  
Open Plan ◽  
Fire Safety Design
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