The speciation of Australopithecus and Paranthropus was caused by introgression from the Gorilla lineage (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Nygren
Keyword(s):  
Double Helix ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Great Toe ◽  
Lineage Sorting ◽  
The Past ◽  
Afar Region ◽  
The Common ◽  
Large Deposits

BACKGROUND ABSTRACT: The discovery of Paranthropus deyiremeda in 3.3–3.5 million year old fossil sites in Afar (Haile-Selassie, 2015), together with 30% of the gorilla genome showing lineage sorting between humans and chimpanzees (Scally, 2012), and a NUMT (“nuclear mitochondrial DNA segment”) that is shared by both gorillas, humans and chimpanzees, and that dates back to 6 million years ago (Popadin, 2017), is conclusive evidence that introgression from the gorilla lineage caused the speciation of both the Australopithecus lineage and the Paranthropus lineage, providing a lens into the gorilla-like features within Paranthropus, as well as traits within Homo that originate from the gorilla branch, such as a high opposable thumb index (Almécija, 2015), an adducted great toe (Tocheri, 2011; McHenry, 2006), and large deposits of subcutaneous fat. OBJECTIVE The origin of our species has increasingly been discovered over the past century, through Darwin to the discovery of DNA and the double-helix, to Lucy and fossils of Australopithecines that originate from the Afar region in Ethiopia from the Pliocene. The genetic data from Scally in 2012, and Popadin in 2017, now provides conclusive evidence for how Paranthropus and Australopithecus, as two separate lineages, both speciated as a result of introgression from the gorilla lineage (Fig. 1). That introgression fills in the "missing link" and shows how the origin of our species is not one single continuous lineage, but the hybridization of both the gorilla lineage and the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, an event that occurred in the late Miocene. METHODS References RESULTS The reason 15% of your genome is closer to gorilla than to chimpanzee (Scally, 2012), is because there was introgression. That even can be dated to 6 million years ago, from a NUMT on chromosome 5, that had diverged as much as 4.5 million years at the time it was transferred to Gorilla, Pan and Homo, so since the Gorilla/Pan-Homo split around 11 million years ago. That introgression caused the speciation of both Australopithecus and Paranthropus. CONCLUSIONS The speciation of Australopithecus and Paranthropus was caused by introgression from the Gorilla lineage

scholarly journals The speciation of Australopithecus and Paranthropus was caused by introgression from the Gorilla lineage

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Nygren
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Great Toe ◽  
Lineage Sorting ◽  
Large Deposits

The discovery of Paranthropus deyiremeda in 3.3–3.5 million year old fossil sites in Afar (Haile-Selassie, 2015), together with 30% of the gorilla genome showing lineage sorting between humans and chimpanzees (Scally, 2012), and a NUMT (“nuclear mitochondrial DNA segment”) that is shared by both gorillas, humans and chimpanzees, and that dates back to 6 million years ago (Popadin, 2017), is conclusive evidence that introgression from the gorilla lineage caused the speciation of both the Australopithecus lineage and the Paranthropus lineage, providing a lens into the gorilla-like features within Paranthropus, as well as traits within Homo that originate from the gorilla branch, such as a high opposable thumb index (Almécija, 2015), an adducted great toe (Tocheri, 2011; McHenry, 2006), and large deposits of subcutaneous fat.

scholarly journals The speciation of Australopithecus and Paranthropus was caused by introgression from the Gorilla lineage

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Nygren
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Great Toe ◽  
Lineage Sorting ◽  
Large Deposits

The discovery of Paranthropus deyiremeda in 3.3–3.5 million year old fossil sites in Afar (Haile-Selassie, 2015), together with 30% of the gorilla genome showing lineage sorting between humans and chimpanzees (Scally, 2012), and a NUMT (“nuclear mitochondrial DNA segment”) that is shared by both gorillas, humans and chimpanzees, and that dates back to 6 million years ago (Popadin, 2017), is conclusive evidence that introgression from the gorilla lineage caused the speciation of both the Australopithecus lineage and the Paranthropus lineage, providing a lens into the gorilla-like features within Paranthropus, as well as traits within Homo that originate from the gorilla branch, such as a high opposable thumb index (Almécija, 2015), an adducted great toe (Tocheri, 2011; McHenry, 2006), and large deposits of subcutaneous fat.

scholarly journals The speciation of Australopithecus and Paranthropus was caused by introgression from the Gorilla lineage

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Nygren
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Great Toe ◽  
Lineage Sorting ◽  
Large Deposits

The discovery of Paranthropus deyiremeda in 3.3–3.5 million year old fossil sites in Afar (Haile-Selassie, 2015), together with 30% of the gorilla genome showing lineage sorting between humans and chimpanzees (Scally, 2012), and a NUMT (“nuclear mitochondrial DNA segment”) that is shared by both gorillas, humans and chimpanzees, and that dates back to 6 million years ago (Popadin, 2017), is conclusive evidence that introgression from the gorilla lineage caused the speciation of both the Australopithecus lineage and the Paranthropus lineage, providing a lens into the gorilla-like features within Paranthropus, as well as traits within Homo that originate from the gorilla branch, such as a high opposable thumb index (Almécija, 2015), an adducted great toe (Tocheri, 2011; McHenry, 2006), and large deposits of subcutaneous fat.

scholarly journals The speciation of Australopithecus and Paranthropus was caused by introgression from the Gorilla lineage

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Nygren
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Great Toe ◽  
Lineage Sorting ◽  
Large Deposits

The discovery of Paranthropus deyiremeda in 3.3–3.5 million year old fossil sites in Afar (Haile-Selassie, 2015), together with 30% of the gorilla genome showing lineage sorting between humans and chimpanzees (Scally, 2012), and a NUMT (“nuclear mitochondrial DNA segment”) that is shared by both gorillas, humans and chimpanzees, and that dates back to 6 million years ago (Popadin, 2017), is conclusive evidence that introgression from the gorilla lineage caused the speciation of both the Australopithecus lineage and the Paranthropus lineage, providing a lens into the gorilla-like features within Paranthropus, as well as traits within Homo that originate from the gorilla branch, such as a high opposable thumb index (Almécija, 2015), an adducted great toe (Tocheri, 2011; McHenry, 2006), and large deposits of subcutaneous fat.

On the mortality and management of a ubiquitous musteloid: the common raccoon

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel I. Zeveloff
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Current Distribution ◽  
The State ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Common

This chapter initially provides an overview of the current distribution and status of the common raccoon in North America. Its overall numbers and distribution, and even its utilization of certain habitats have changed dramatically; all largely within the past century. This contribution then examines how the numbers of raccoons that are killed or ‘harvested’ have changed during the last century. The term ‘harvest’ is commonly used by wildlife managers in North America to refer to the number of animals taken by hunters and trappers, for sport, or to utilize and sell their fur. The policies that determine raccoon exploitation by such practices are herein reviewed. There is an assessment of whether and how population variables are considered in establishing these hunting and trapping policies. Ultimately, this analysis reveals the state of raccoon management and offers thoughts about its potential paths.

scholarly journals Sovereignty this Century - Maori and the Common Law Constitution

2000 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
P G McHugh
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Constitutional Order ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common

This paper is an attempt to give a panorama of constitutional life in New Zealand this century as viewed through a particularly important window, the status of the aboriginal Maori people of these islands. Questions of Maori rights and their position in the constitutional order have become burning issues in this final quarter century and represent an immense challenge for the next. This exploration is particularly appropriate as we celebrate a century of law teaching in this capital city at a University which has produced many if not most of this country's distinguished and influential public lawyers. In many respects, the history we are about to review is also a history of common law constitutionalism in this country as well to a lesser extent as similar Anglophonic jurisdictions. We are looking not just at how that part of the common law we call "public law" has dealt with a particular ethnic group. Through this aboriginal window we are looking at the changing logic and reach of public law through the past century and at the nature and character of the common law itself.

Zealots and Sicarii, Their Origins and Relation

1971 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morton Smith
Keyword(s):  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Common Opinion ◽  
The Common

It has long been the common opinion that the Zealots were the party founded by Judas the Galilean — so Graetz and Jost, for instance, writing in the middle of the past century. Derenbourg, it is true, observed that the term ”Zealots” was not applied to the opponents of the Romans before the revolt, but when he came to the events of the revolt he made a descendant of Judas, Menahem, the leader of the Zealots and so apparently assumed the connection of the party with Judas. Schürer's adherence canonized the common opinion, and also the common description of theSicariias a more fanatical fraction of the party — though the sources contain nothing to suggest that the party had split before the Sicarii appeared. Hence, with only minor variations, Eduard Meyer, Bousset, Baron, and Yadin's account of the Zealots in Masada, to name only the largest studies.

scholarly journals The Image of the Second World War as a Factor in the Formation of Contemporary European Identity

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (7) ◽  
pp. 199-206
Author(s):  
Yuri Denisov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
European Identity ◽  
Past Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Traumatic Memories ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Common ◽  
Second World

The image of the Second World War is one of the most significant images of the past for the European identity. The purpose of this study is to analyze its potential for the formation of the modern European identity as a supranational construct. The ambivalent nature of this phenomenon is revealed. The image WWII contains a sufficiently powerful unifying impulse. It is determined by the uniting role of the colossal tragedy, the common misfortune that befell Europe in the middle of the past century, its integrational significance for the joint efforts to build a single European community in order to prevent the recurrence of these events. Nowadays, this momentum is realized through the preservation of European memory, the institutionalization of anniversaries, the broadcast of the memory of the war in the process of intergenerational communication in the functioning of the institutions of education and cultural environment as a whole, the articulation of traumatic memories in the political discourse. At the same time the author demonstrated that, the image of WWII has a serious deconsolidating element for the common European identity. It is caused by contradictions in the European collective memory. The new technological revolution that has engulfed Europe, accompanied by a steady shift of communication practices into cyberspace and the emergence of the phenomenon of cyber-memory, changes the mechanisms of representation and reception of the war image. The Global Network facilitates a steady increase of both the means for the representation and visualization of the image of the past, making it more interactive, multimodal, multifaceted and simplified. The number of actors of memory politics, who take part in the formation of the European identity, or rather ‒ of an unlimited set of identities has been growing.

Property and Justice in the Modern Encyclical Literature

1990 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Andrew Lustig
Keyword(s):  
Natural Law ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Social Thought ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Catholic Social Thought ◽  
John Xxiii ◽  
The Past ◽  
Traditional Language ◽  
The Common

In Catholic social thought since the time of Leo XIII, two important developments have influenced justificatory arguments for the institution of property. First, the traditional language of the “common good” has been augmented by an emphasis in recent encyclicals upon the dignity of persons and the rights of individuals. I shall analyze the warrants for this shift in formulation to see how changes in the language of justification reveal both continuities and discontinuities with the earlier tradition. Second, in the past century of Roman Catholic social thought, understandings of natural law have been subject to significant revision. Especially since the time of John XXIII, the papal encyclicals have sought both to “historicize” and to update those elements in the traditional discussion of property that fail to reflect modern socioeconomic circumstances. In reviewing the recent encyclical literature on these themes, I will consider how, or whether, earlier discussion can be successfully modernized without undercutting the raison d'etre of natural-law terminology in the process.

Literature Review: The Common Cold

1994 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 639-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Hilding
Keyword(s):  
Prophylactic Treatment ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Ciliated Epithelium ◽  
Australian Study ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nasal Symptoms ◽  
The Common

Most colds are caused by rhinovirus infection, perhaps facilitated by chilling or stress. Virus infection begins in the nasopharynx and causes spotty destruction of the nasal ciliated epithelium. Transmission occurs chiefly via droplets of various sizes transported through the air, but some types of virus persist in moist secretions on handled objects and may retain their infectiousness. Living in crowded, poorly-ventilated quarters facilitates transmission. Not many virus particles survive in saliva and it is difficult to infect via the lips or mouth. Kissing does not efficiently spread cold infection. Prophylactic treatment with interferon does not protect against cold infection. Aspirin and acetaminophen reduced serum antibody response and increased nasal symptoms in a controlled Australian study. The combination of intranasal interferon and ipratropium with oral naproxen gave promising results in experimental rhinovirus inoculation. Basically, there has been little or no progress towards effective cold treatment in the past century.

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