scholarly journals Exploring the Association Between the “Big Five” Personality Traits and Fatal Opioid Overdose: County-Level Empirical Analysis (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhasmina Tacheva ◽  
Anton Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Opioid Overdose ◽  
County Level ◽  
Psychological Traits ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Relationship

BACKGROUND Opioid-related deaths constitute a problem of pandemic proportions in the United States, with no clear solution in sight. Although addressing addiction—the heart of this problem—ought to remain a priority for health practitioners, examining the community-level psychological factors with a known impact on health behaviors may provide valuable insights for attenuating this health crisis by curbing risky behaviors before they evolve into addiction. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study is twofold: to demonstrate the relationship between community-level psychological traits and fatal opioid overdose both theoretically and empirically, and to provide a blueprint for using social media data to glean these psychological factors in a real-time, reliable, and scalable manner. METHODS We collected annual panel data from Twitter for 2891 counties in the United States between 2014-2016 and used a novel data mining technique to obtain average county-level “Big Five” psychological trait scores. We then performed interval regression, using a control function to alleviate omitted variable bias, to empirically test the relationship between county-level psychological traits and the prevalence of fatal opioid overdoses in each county. RESULTS After controlling for a wide range of community-level biopsychosocial factors related to health outcomes, we found that three of the operationalizations of the five psychological traits examined at the community level in the study were significantly associated with fatal opioid overdoses: extraversion (β=.308, <i>P</i>&lt;.001), neuroticism (β=.248, <i>P</i>&lt;.001), and conscientiousness (β=.229, <i>P</i>&lt;.001). CONCLUSIONS Analyzing the psychological characteristics of a community can be a valuable tool in the local, state, and national fight against the opioid pandemic. Health providers and community health organizations can benefit from this research by evaluating the psychological profile of the communities they serve and assessing the projected risk of fatal opioid overdose based on the relationships our study predict when making decisions for the allocation of overdose-reversal medication and other vital resources.

scholarly journals Exploring the Association Between the “Big Five” Personality Traits and Fatal Opioid Overdose: County-Level Empirical Analysis

10.2196/24939 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. e24939
Author(s):  
Zhasmina Tacheva ◽  
Anton Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Opioid Overdose ◽  
County Level ◽  
Psychological Traits ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Relationship

Background Opioid-related deaths constitute a problem of pandemic proportions in the United States, with no clear solution in sight. Although addressing addiction—the heart of this problem—ought to remain a priority for health practitioners, examining the community-level psychological factors with a known impact on health behaviors may provide valuable insights for attenuating this health crisis by curbing risky behaviors before they evolve into addiction. Objective The goal of this study is twofold: to demonstrate the relationship between community-level psychological traits and fatal opioid overdose both theoretically and empirically, and to provide a blueprint for using social media data to glean these psychological factors in a real-time, reliable, and scalable manner. Methods We collected annual panel data from Twitter for 2891 counties in the United States between 2014-2016 and used a novel data mining technique to obtain average county-level “Big Five” psychological trait scores. We then performed interval regression, using a control function to alleviate omitted variable bias, to empirically test the relationship between county-level psychological traits and the prevalence of fatal opioid overdoses in each county. Results After controlling for a wide range of community-level biopsychosocial factors related to health outcomes, we found that three of the operationalizations of the five psychological traits examined at the community level in the study were significantly associated with fatal opioid overdoses: extraversion (β=.308, P<.001), neuroticism (β=.248, P<.001), and conscientiousness (β=.229, P<.001). Conclusions Analyzing the psychological characteristics of a community can be a valuable tool in the local, state, and national fight against the opioid pandemic. Health providers and community health organizations can benefit from this research by evaluating the psychological profile of the communities they serve and assessing the projected risk of fatal opioid overdose based on the relationships our study predict when making decisions for the allocation of overdose-reversal medication and other vital resources.

The Relations Between the Navy and the Foreign Service

1939 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-291
Author(s):  
Clark H. Woodward
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
National Defense ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
Proper Position ◽  
Foreign Service ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
National Emergency ◽  
The Relationship

In the conduct of foreign policy and the participation of the United States in international affairs, the relation between the Navy and the Foreign Service is of vital importance, but often misunderstood. The relationship encompasses the very wide range of coördination and coöperation which should and must exist between the two interdependent government agencies in peace, during times of national emergency, and, finally, when the country is engaged in actual warfare. The relationship involves, as well, the larger problem of national defense, and this cannot be ignored if the United States is to maintain its proper position in world affairs.

scholarly journals Rating Determinants Factored in E-Commerce Decision-Making

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juheng Zhang ◽  
M. Riaz Khan ◽  
Dachuan Shih
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Open Source Software ◽  
Web Sites ◽  
The United States ◽  
User Generated Content ◽  
Media Content ◽  
Price Levels ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Hotel Booking ◽  
The Relationship

The user-generated content (UGC) Web sites are gaining popularity for a wide range of media content, such as news, blogs, forums, and open-source software. Instead of relying on information on company Web sites, users benefit by reading reviews written on UGC Web sites by consumers. Online evaluations are usually informative and reduce the information asymmetry. This study examines the problem where UGC can be expedient for online hotel booking. It investigates the relationship between the ratings obtained from the TripAdvisor.com reviewers and the hotel price levels in the United States, outside the United States, and top 20 hotels and others, respectively. Findings suggest that medium-priced hotels provide a comparable value with their high-priced counterparts. Further, the ratings for U.S. hotels are lower than others across all price levels.

scholarly journals The evolution of infant mortality inequality in the United States, 1960–2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (29) ◽  
pp. eaba5908
Author(s):  
Nick Turner ◽  
Kaveh Danesh ◽  
Kelsey Moran
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
County Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Antipoverty Programs ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Mortality Inequality

What is the relationship between infant mortality and poverty in the United States and how has it changed over time? We address this question by analyzing county-level data between 1960 and 2016. Our estimates suggest that level differences in mortality rates between the poorest and least poor counties decreased meaningfully between 1960 and 2000. Nearly three-quarters of the decrease occurred between 1960 and 1980, coincident with the introduction of antipoverty programs and improvements in medical care for infants. We estimate that declining inequality accounts for 18% of the national reduction in infant mortality between 1960 and 2000. However, we also find that level differences between the poorest and least poor counties remained constant between 2000 and 2016, suggesting an important role for policies that improve the health of infants in poor areas.

scholarly journals On the Relationship between Development and Fertility: The Case of the United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Ryabov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
The United States ◽  
Median Income ◽  
County Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Rural Counties ◽  
The Relationship

The present article addresses the question of whether there is a link between the spatial patterns of human development and period fertility in the United States at the county level. Using cross-sectional analyses of the relationship between Total Fertility Rate (TFR) and an array of human development indicators (pertaining to three components of the Human Development Index (HDI) – wealth, health, and education), this study sheds light on the relationship between fertility and human development. The analyses were conducted separately for urban, suburban and rural counties. According to the multivariate results, a negative association between selected human development indicators and TFR exists in suburban and rural counties, as well as in the United States as a whole. However, this is not the case for urban counties, where the results were inconclusive. Some indicators (e.g., median income per capita) were found to be positively, and some (e.g., the share of adults with at least bachelor’s degree) negatively, associated with TFR in urban counties. All in all, our results provide evidence of a negative relationship between human development indicators and period fertility in the United States at the county level, a finding which is consistent with the basic tenets of classic demographic transition theory.

Abstract P117: County Level Cardiovascular Health in the United States

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney S Pilkerton ◽  
Thomas K Bias ◽  
Stephanie J Frisbee
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Heart Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
County Level ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Health Goal ◽  
Wide Range

Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States, so improving cardiovascular health (CVH) is a key population health goal. As part of public health efforts to achieve this, the American Heart Association recently developed a comprehensive CVH metric that incorporates smoking, body mass index, physical activity, diet, cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood glucose. The objectives of the current study were to measure CVH in all US counties and identify key socioeconomic determinants of county-level CVH. Methods: Data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were used to determine calculate CVH for each county in 2009. Federal Information Processing Standards codes were used to obtain scores for counties with a sample size of 15 or more; 62% (1948 of 3142) of United States counties had available data . The main outcomes were age-standardized mean CVH score and percentage of poor or ideal health. Data on county-level socioeconomic indicators were abstracted from the Area Resource File. Results and Conclusions: Overall, 18% of the population had poor CVH, 77% had intermediate, and 5% had ideal. Between counties the average overall CVH varied from 2.13 to 4.80, the percentage of ideal health varied from 0% to 46%, and the percentage of poor health varied from 1% to 76%. Counties with the poorest health were in the Midwest and Southern regions. There is a moderate positive relationship between mean CVH and per capita income (r=0.355) and a weak positive relationship between mean CVH and percent urban population (r=0.245). In conclusion, there are few counties with a substantial percentage of their population with ideal health, there is a wide range of cardiovascular health status within the United States, and there is some association of increasing CVH with increasing income and urbanization.

Telemedicine Utilization, Availability of Physicians, Distance, and Urbanity

2013 ◽  
pp. 121-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricky C. Leung
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Health Facility ◽  
Urban Health ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
County Level ◽  
Rural State ◽  
The Relationship

This study examines the relationship between telemedicine utilization, the availability of physicians, the level of urbanity of a locality, and the physical distance between a locality and an urban health facility at the county level within a rural state in the United States. As an exploratory study, the author conducts correlation analysis and analysis of variance to test if the chosen exploratory variables may account for variations in telemedicine utilization. The author obtained statistically significant results, but recognizes that there are other potential variables to be included in further studies. The results are useful for practitioners and may motivate further studies. The chapter discusses the implications of the study in its conclusion.

Recent Contributions to Economic History: The United States, 1789-1860

1959 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-43
Author(s):  
Carter Goodrich
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic History ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Correction ◽  
Regulatory Functions ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

For the period between the adoption of the Constitution and the outbreak of the Civil War recent contributions have been considerable in amount and particularly notable for a high degree of concentration on the relationship between government and the economy. In 1945 a reader of the literature in the field would have found little to warn him against the assumption that the statesmen and legislators of the ante-bellum republic were faithful adherents, particularly in the economic field, of the Jeffersonian doctrine that that government is best which governs the least. Current scholarship, however, has forced a revision of this traditional view; and it is now clear that American governments intervened actively on a wide range of economic questions and in varied and complex interrelations with the activities of individuals and corporations. This significant correction has resulted in large part from two related shifts in the direction of research that have given increased attention to the economic role of state, and even local, authorities as contrasted with that of the national government, and to the promotive as contrasted with the regulatory functions of government.

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