scholarly journals Frontera, extracción agrícola y nuevas lógicas de apropiación en Talamanca, Costa Rica / Border, agricultural extractivism and new forms of appropriation in Talamanca, Costa Rica

Revista Trace ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Tania Rodríguez Echavarría
Keyword(s):  
Technology Transfer ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Critical Ethnography ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Cocoa Production ◽  
La Modification ◽  
Transfert De Technologie

El presente artículo busca generar una reflexión sobre cómo el cantón fronterizo de Talamanca (Costa Rica y Panamá) ha fungido como un espacio de oportunidad para la expansión del extractivismo agrícola (banano y plátano) y la transferencia tecnológica; y, al mismo tiempo, por su riqueza ambiental, ha sido un laboratorio para la conservación internacional. Demostraremos, a través de la etnografía crítica, cómo en este territorio las actividades extractivas se han ido diversificando alrededor del cultivo del cacao, introduciendo nuevas formas de extracción, como la apropiación del conocimiento local, la introducción de nuevas estrategias productivas y la modificación del material genético. Esto con el fin de transformar el modo de producción indígena del cacao para hacerlo más resistente y competitivo, e integrarlo a la lógica del mercado. Abstract: This article seeks to generate a reflection on how the border canton of Talamanca (Costa Rica and Panama) has served as a space of opportunity for the expansion of agricultural extractivism (banana and plantain) and technology transfer, and at the same time, due to its environmental richness, has been a laboratory for international conservation. We will demonstrate, through critical ethnography, how in this territory, extractive activities have been diversifying around cocoa cultivation, introducing new forms of extraction such as the appropriation of local knowledge, the introduction of new productive strategies and the modification of genetic material. The aim is to transform the indigenous mode of cocoa production to make it more resistant and competitive, and to integrate it into the logic of the market. Keywords: borders; extractivism; monoculture; cocoa; Costa Rica.Resumé : Cet article vise à susciter une réflexion sur la manière dont le canton frontalier de Talamanca (Costa Rica et Panama) a servi d’espace d’opportunité pour l’expansion de l’extractivisme agricole (banane et plantain) et le transfert de technologie, et en même temps, grâce à sa richesse environnementale, un laboratoire pour la conservation internationale. Nous montrerons, à travers une ethnographie critique, comment dans ce territoire, les activités extractives se sont diversifiées autour de la culture du cacao, introduisant de nouvelles formes d’extraction telles que l’appropriation des savoirs locaux, l’introduction de nouvelles stratégies de production et la modification du matériel génétique. Ceci, afin de transformer le mode de production indigène du cacao pour le rendre plus résistant et compétitif, et l’intégrer dans la logique du marché.Mots-clés : frontières ; extractivisme ; monocultures ; cacao ; Costa Rica.

scholarly journals Admixture in Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera) from Panamá to San Diego, California (U.S.A.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Zarate ◽  
Thiago Lima ◽  
Jude Poole ◽  
Erin Calfee ◽  
Ronald Burton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
San Diego ◽  
New World ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
African Ancestry ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Africanized Honey Bee

The Africanized honey bee (AHB) is a New World amalgamation of several subspecies of the western honey bee (Apis mellifera), a diverse taxon grouped into four major biogeographic lineages: A (African), M (western European), C (eastern European), and O (Middle Eastern). In 1956, accidental release of experimentally bred “Africanized” hybrids from a research apiary in Sao Paulo, Brazil initiated a hybrid species expansion that now extends from northern Argentina to northern California (U.S.A.). Here, we assess nuclear admixture and mitochondrial ancestry in 15 bees from each of four regions across this expansive range: the Isthmus of Panamá; Guanacaste, Costa Rica, Tapachula, Mexico; and San Diego, U.S.A to assess ancestry of AHB several decades following initial introduction and test the prediction that African ancestry decreases with increasing latitude. We find that AHB nuclear genomes from Central America and Mexico have majority African ancestry (Mexico, 79%; Costa Rica 90%; and Panamá 94%) with varying contributions from western and eastern European lineages. AHB from San Diego (CA) show markedly lower African ancestry (40%) with substantial genomic contributions from all four major honey bee lineages. The mitochondria of all bees sampled in Costa Rica and Panamá originated in Africa. The majority (11) of bees sampled in Mexico carried African mitochondria with the remainder carrying eastern European mitochondria. In the San Diego population, mitochondria from all four lineages are present. Genetic diversity measures from all New World populations are similar and exceed those of ancestral forms. The unique genetic makeup of the San Diego honey bee population makes it a rich source of genetic material for honey bee breeding.

scholarly journals Technology Transfer through the Use of Growers Clubs in Northwest Mexico

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 456B-456
Author(s):  
Raul Leonel Grijalva-Contreras ◽  
Francisco Lopez-Vilches ◽  
Victor Salvador-Rivas
Keyword(s):  
Technology Transfer ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Agricultural Area ◽  
Research Institutions ◽  
Annual Crops ◽  
Northwest Mexico

The Growers Club provides a good alternative for technology transfer generation in experiment stations, universities, and other research institutions in Mexico. At this time, there are 10 Growers Clubs in northwest Mexico, mainly in Sonora and Sinaloa states. During 1996, in the agricultural area in Caborca, Sonora, the Grower Club “REME”-SOCOADA was formed with 10 members—all of them are willing to adopt new technologies. The main goal of this club is to improve the yield using the validation of new agricultural practices and evaluation of genetic material from different crops (annual crops, vegetables, fruit trees, and forage). We have six demonstration lots in different locations and we are planning to increase these to 11 and we will publish the results that we are going to get from these lots.

Identification of Maize Rayado Fino Virus by Immunoelectron Microscopy

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 636-637
Author(s):  
O. E. Bradfute
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Far North ◽  
Maize Rayado Fino Virus ◽  
Antibody Coating

Maize rayado fino virus (MRFV) causes a severe disease of corn (Zea mays) in many locations throughout the neotropics and as far north as southern U.S. MRFV particles detected by direct electron microscopy of negatively stained sap from infected leaves are not necessarily distinguishable from many other small isometric viruses infecting plants (Fig. 1).Immunosorbent trapping of virus particles on antibody-coated grids and the antibody coating or decoration of trapped virus particles, was used to confirm the identification of MRFV. Antiserum to MRFV was supplied by R. Gamez (Centro de Investigacion en Biologia Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria, Costa Rica).Virus particles, appearing as a continuous lawn, were trapped on grids coated with MRFV antiserum (Fig. 2-4). In contrast, virus particles were infrequently found on grids not exposed to antiserum or grids coated with normal rabbit serum (similar to Fig. 1). In Fig. 3, the appearance of the virus particles (isometric morphology, 30 nm diameter, stain penetration of some particles, and morphological subunits in other particles) is characteristic of negatively stained MRFV particles. Decoration or coating of these particles with MRFV antiserum confirms their identification as MRFV (Fig. 4).

The zoonotic potential of bat-borne coronaviruses

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-381
Author(s):  
Ny Anjara Fifi Ravelomanantsoa ◽  
Sarah Guth ◽  
Angelo Andrianiaina ◽  
Santino Andry ◽  
Anecia Gentles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Material ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Novel Host ◽  
Horseshoe Bat ◽  
Human Infections

Seven zoonoses — human infections of animal origin — have emerged from the Coronaviridae family in the past century, including three viruses responsible for significant human mortality (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2) in the past twenty years alone. These three viruses, in addition to two older CoV zoonoses (HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63) are believed to be originally derived from wild bat reservoir species. We review the molecular biology of the bat-derived Alpha- and Betacoronavirus genera, highlighting features that contribute to their potential for cross-species emergence, including the use of well-conserved mammalian host cell machinery for cell entry and a unique capacity for adaptation to novel host environments after host switching. The adaptive capacity of coronaviruses largely results from their large genomes, which reduce the risk of deleterious mutational errors and facilitate range-expanding recombination events by offering heightened redundancy in essential genetic material. Large CoV genomes are made possible by the unique proofreading capacity encoded for their RNA-dependent polymerase. We find that bat-borne SARS-related coronaviruses in the subgenus Sarbecovirus, the source clade for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, present a particularly poignant pandemic threat, due to the extraordinary viral genetic diversity represented among several sympatric species of their horseshoe bat hosts. To date, Sarbecovirus surveillance has been almost entirely restricted to China. More vigorous field research efforts tracking the circulation of Sarbecoviruses specifically and Betacoronaviruses more generally is needed across a broader global range if we are to avoid future repeats of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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