Following the discovery of high Tc superconductivity in the copper oxides, there has been a great deal of interest in the RVB wave function proposed by Anderson [1]. As a warm-up exercise we have considered a valence-bond wave function for the one dimensional spin-1/2 Heisenberg chain. The main virtue of our work is to propose a new variational singlet wavefunction which is almost analytically tractable by a transfer-matrix technique. We have obtained the ground state energy for finite as well as infinite chains, in good agreement with exact results. Correlation functions, excited states, and the effects of other interactions (e.g., spin-Peierls) are also accessible within this scheme [2]. Since the ground state of the chain is known to be a singlet (Lieb & Mattis [3]), we write the appropriate wave function as a superposition of valence-bond singlets, [Formula: see text], where | k > is a spin configuration obtained by pairing all spins into singlet pairs, in a way which is common in valence-bond calculations of large molecules. As in that case, each configuration, | k >, can be represented by a Rümer diagram, with directed bonds connecting each pair of spins on the chain. The c k 's are variational co-efficients, the form of which is determined as follows: Each singlet configuration (Rümer diagram) is divided into "zones", a "zone" corresponding to the region between two consecutive sites. Each zone is indexed by its distance from the end of the chain and by the number of bonds crossing it. Our procedure assigns a variational parameter, x ij , to the j th zone, when crossed by i bonds. The resulting wavefunction for an N-site chain is written as [Formula: see text] where m ij(k) equals 1 when zone j is crossed by i bonds and zero otherwise. To make the calculation tractable we reduce the number of variational parameters by disallowing configurations with bonds connecting any two sites separated by more than 2M lattice points. (For simplicity, we have limited ourselves to M=3, but the scheme can be used for any M). With the simple ansatz, matrix elements can be calculated by a transfer-matrix method. To understand the transfer-matrix method note that since only local zone parameters appear in the description of each state | k >, matrix elements and overlaps, [Formula: see text] and < k | k '>, are completely specified by a small number of "local states" associated with each zone. Within a given zone a local state is defined by (i) the number of bonds crossing the zone and (ii), by whether the bonds originate from the initial (| k >) or final (| k '>) state. It is then easy to see that "local states" of consecutive zones are connected by a 15 × 15 transfer matrix (for the case M=3). Furthermore, the overlap matrix element can be written as a product of transfer-matrices associated with each zone of the chain. When calculating matrix elements of the Hamiltonian, an additional matrix, U , must be defined, to represent the particular zone involving the two spins connected by the Heisenberg interaction. The relevant details as well as the comparison with exact results will be given elsewhere. We are planning to ultimately apply this method to the two dimensional case, and hope to include the effects of holes.
Ground State Energies of Helium-Like Ions Using a Simple Parameter-Free Matrix Method
