scholarly journals Colonialism and Its Effect on African Conflict

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. p1
Author(s):  
Tobi Achudume PhD
Keyword(s):  
Major Part ◽  
International Community ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Inter State

Colonialism is a major part of Africa’s history and therefore plays a major role in the types of conflict present in the continent. While in the international community, there seems to be more inter-state and economic conflicts, African conflicts are characterised by internal differences, hence intra-state conflicts. Though there were five major colonial powers present in Africa, this study explores the two major ones- Anglophone and Francophone. Both forms of colonialism share some similarities which are explored in this paper. As with the different policies practiced by both France and Britain, there are differences in the form of colonialism and how it was administered. These differences are explored in this paper. Finally, this paper analyses the effect of colonialism on the type of conflict most common in Africa. This paper answers the question of post-colonial experiences in Africa and its effects on the types of conflict present in the continent.

Some Reflections on the Forthcoming Centenary of the Statute of the Hague Court (PCIJ and ICJ)

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Community ◽  
International Jurisdiction ◽  
The Hague ◽  
Inter State

The Statute of the Hague Court (PCIJ and ICJ) will in 2020 be completing one century of existence. The operation of the Court has established and clarified the basis of international jurisdiction. The experience accumulated along the decades in the settlement of contentious cases has developed the Court’s reasoning beyond the strict inter-state dimension. Its pioneering advisory jurisdiction much expanded, in examining important questions of international law. The projection now of the statute into a new century will be to the benefit of a growing number of justiciables, and of the international community as a whole.

scholarly journals The Impact of African Philosophy on the Realisation of International Community and the Observance of International Law

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-33
Author(s):  
Foluke Ifejola Ipinyomi
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Free Market ◽  
International Community ◽  
Shared Values ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Philosophy ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact

The legal nature of international law is uncertain, despite being the foundation of the international community. Its non-universality questions the cohesion and efficacy of the international community. The international community operates as an exclusive club, coalescing around certain shared values, like liberal democracy and free market economy. Sub-Saharan Africa is usually excluded from being an active part of the international community due to differing values; a shared understanding of community which conflicts with the shared values of the core of the international community. Furthermore, their post-colonial nature deters African states from choosing their own path or adopting the norms of the ‘international community.’ A paradigmatic shift in research into sub-Saharan Africa and the international community is necessary to ensure a truly effective international community and wider observance of international law.

scholarly journals The Gulf War 1990–1991 and the study of international relations

1994 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Halliday
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Community ◽  
Gulf War ◽  
International Crises ◽  
Significant Case ◽  
Gulf Crisis ◽  
Vantage Points ◽  
Broad Outline ◽  
Inter State

The Gulf crisis of 1990–1991 was, by any standards, one of the more significant international crises of the post-1945 epoch. It involved the mobilization of around one million armed men, the diplomatic involvement of much of the international community, and a war that, for all its limited character, was a significant case of inter-state conflict. In what follows I do not want to dwell on the actual course of this war or to examine in detail specific aspects of the history, not least because the broad outline of what happened is already well known. I do, however, want to look at this conflict in broader perspective, and from two vantage points in particular, each pertinent to the study of international relations (IR).

scholarly journals Archiving (In)justice: Building Archives and Imagining Community

2020 ◽  
pp. 030582982093517
Author(s):  
Henry Alexander Redwood
Keyword(s):  
International Criminal ◽  
International Criminal Tribunal ◽  
International Community ◽  
Rwandan Genocide ◽  
Post Colonial

This article explores the role that archives play in the constitution and governance of the international community. First, drawing on post-colonial scholarship, it develops a framework to explicate the link between archive and community, centring on questions of voice, identity and responsibility. It then examines how the archive can be analysed, pointing additionally to the importance of the archive’s materiality. Second, these ideas are explored through a reading of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda’s (ICTR) archive, which helped rebuild the international community in the wake of its failure to prevent the Rwandan genocide. By providing a detailed reading of the ICTR’s records, and drawing on the framework established in the first section, the article shows that the archive constructed a liberal, patriarchal and colonial understanding of the international community.

Whither the Principle of Self-determination in the Post-colonial Era? Building the Case for a Policy-oriented Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-116
Author(s):  
Daniele Amoroso
Keyword(s):  
International Community ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Double Standards ◽  
Western Sahara ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Law

It is no secret that, since the end of decolonization, the principle of self-determination of peoples has been going through a veritable identity crisis. On the one hand, inconsistencies and double-standards are so commonplace in international practice as to justify the doubt that the law of self-determination is, in fact, power politics in disguise. On the other hand, a significant portion of the international community maintains that the principle has exhausted its historical function and applies only to a very limited number of cases (e.g. Palestine and Western Sahara). Yet self-determination of peoples is still well entrenched in international legal life. Against this background, international lawyers have been called upon to clarify how the customary principle on self-determination has changed in order to meet the challenges posed by the new global order. So far, however, the various attempts to overcome the colonial paradigm have not led to satisfactory results, being doomed to capitulate in the face of the fact that international practice in this field is either too sparse or is inconsistent. The main reason for this difficulty lies in the tendency to conceive of the law of self-determination in a traditional, ‘static’ fashion, as a set of clear-cut rules whose content has to be distilled, ultimately, in the light of accumulated past decisions. I will argue, by contrast, that the principle should be looked at in its ‘dynamic’ aspect, viz. as a ceaseless process through which the international community provides an authoritative response to demands for self-determination. My working hypothesis, specifically, is that a valuable contribution to such an investigation may be offered by the policy-oriented jurisprudence developed by the so-called ‘New Haven School’ of international law (NHS).

Whither the Principle of Self-determination in the Post-colonial Era? Building the Case for a Policy-oriented Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-116
Author(s):  
Daniele Amoroso
Keyword(s):  
International Community ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Double Standards ◽  
Western Sahara ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Law

Abstract It is no secret that, since the end of decolonization, the principle of self-determination of peoples has been going through a veritable identity crisis. On the one hand, inconsistencies and double-standards are so commonplace in international practice as to justify the doubt that the law of self-determination is, in fact, power politics in disguise. On the other hand, a significant portion of the international community maintains that the principle has exhausted its historical function and applies only to a very limited number of cases (e.g. Palestine and Western Sahara). Yet self-determination of peoples is still well entrenched in international legal life. Against this background, international lawyers have been called upon to clarify how the customary principle on self-determination has changed in order to meet the challenges posed by the new global order. So far, however, the various attempts to overcome the colonial paradigm have not led to satisfactory results, being doomed to capitulate in the face of the fact that international practice in this field is either too sparse or is inconsistent. The main reason for this difficulty lies in the tendency to conceive of the law of self-determination in a traditional, ‘static’ fashion, as a set of clear-cut rules whose content has to be distilled, ultimately, in the light of accumulated past decisions. I will argue, by contrast, that the principle should be looked at in its ‘dynamic’ aspect, viz. as a ceaseless process through which the international community provides an authoritative response to demands for self-determination. My working hypothesis, specifically, is that a valuable contribution to such an investigation may be offered by the policy-oriented jurisprudence developed by the so-called ‘New Haven School’ of international law (NHS).

Quicksand in the Western Sahara? From Referendum Stalemate to Negotiated Solution

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Eric Roussellier
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
International Community ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Conventional Wisdom ◽  
Western Sahara ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
The Status ◽  
Process Factors ◽  
Territorial Integration

AbstractThe thirty-year old proxy conflict that has pitted Morocco against Algeria over the status of the former Spanish colony of Western Sahara, together with indigenous independence aspirations, continues to challenge conventional wisdom in conflict resolution. Largely ignored by the international community, the question of Western Sahara's future continues to have increased strategic relevance in geopolitical and economic terms. Not merely a standard post-colonial conflict among territorial integration, independent statehood, and partition, the Western Sahara issue elicits a deeper resonance of clashing national and ideological identities. No lasting settlement of the Western Sahara question seems imminent unless the current negotiation process factors in post-independence nation-building dynamics that underpin the conflict, feeds its resilience, and informs its complexity.

B. The Non-Linear Calculations for Pulsating Stars

1967 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 105-176
Author(s):  
Robert F. Christy
Keyword(s):  
Major Part ◽  
Afternoon Session ◽  
Discussion Session ◽  
Pulsating Stars ◽  
Fourth Symposium ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Considerable Discussion ◽  
Informal Approach ◽  
Preceding Session

(Ed. note: The custom in these Symposia has been to have a summary-introductory presentation which lasts about 1 to 1.5 hours, during which discussion from the floor is minor and usually directed at technical clarification. The remainder of the session is then devoted to discussion of the whole subject, oriented around the summary-introduction. The preceding session, I-A, at Nice, followed this pattern. Christy suggested that we might experiment in his presentation with a much more informal approach, allowing considerable discussion of the points raised in the summary-introduction during its presentation, with perhaps the entire morning spent in this way, reserving the afternoon session for discussion only. At Varenna, in the Fourth Symposium, several of the summaryintroductory papers presented from the astronomical viewpoint had been so full of concepts unfamiliar to a number of the aerodynamicists-physicists present, that a major part of the following discussion session had been devoted to simply clarifying concepts and then repeating a considerable amount of what had been summarized. So, always looking for alternatives which help to increase the understanding between the different disciplines by introducing clarification of concept as expeditiously as possible, we tried Christy's suggestion. Thus you will find the pattern of the following different from that in session I-A. I am much indebted to Christy for extensive collaboration in editing the resulting combined presentation and discussion. As always, however, I have taken upon myself the responsibility for the final editing, and so all shortcomings are on my head.)

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