Elective Neck Dissection can Improve the Overall Survival and Cancer-Specific Survival of T3cN0M0 Glottic Squamous Cell Cancer

How to treat clinically node-negative (cN0) neck in larynx squamous cell cancer (LSCC) has been subject to considerable discussion. The role of elective neck dissection (END) in patients with T3 glottic squamous cell cancer (GSCC) with cN0 is remain unclear. The objective of this study is to elucidate the role of END in improve the outcome of T3cN0M0 GSCC. Patients with T3cN0M0 GSCC in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (SEER) from 2004 to 2015 were extracted and stratified into END and Non-END cohorts, we found that only 22–58% T3cN0M0 GSCC were performed with END. After Propensity score matching (PSM), END cohort had better overall survival (OS) (median survival time: 93 vs 40 months, respectively; p < 0.0001) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) (HR 0.40, 95%CI 0.26 to 0.64, p = 0.0012) than non-END cohort. In addition, Subgroup analysis also indicated END cohort had better OS or CSS than non-END cohort.This study demonstrated that in patients with T3cN0M0 GSCC, END significantly associated with better survival outcomes compared with non-END.

Justice for Millionaires?

In recent years, much public attention has been devoted to the existence of pay discrepancies between men and women at the upper end of the income scale. For example, there has been considerable discussion of the ‘Hollywood gender pay gap’. We can refer to such discrepancies as cases of millionaire inequality. These cases generate conflicting intuitions. On the one hand, the unequal remuneration involved looks like a troubling case of gender injustice. On the other, it’s natural to feel uneasy when confronted with the suggestion that multi-millionaires are somehow being paid inadequately. In this paper, we consider two arguments for rectifying millionaire inequality, clarifying their appeal but also identifying the obstacles that each will have to surmount in order to succeed.

An academic survey on theoretical foundations, common assumptions and the current state of the field of consciousness science

We report the results of an academic survey into the theoretical and methodological foundations, common assumptions and the current state of the field of consciousness science. The survey consisted of 22 questions, was distributed online and at two different occasions of the annual meeting of the Association of the Scientific Study of Consciousness (ASSC, 2018 and 2019), targeting active scientists in the field only. We examined responses from 232 consciousness scientists with different backgrounds (e.g., philosophy, neuroscience, psychology, computer science) and at various stages of their careers (e.g., junior/senior faculty, graduate/undergraduate students). The results reveal that while respondents answer related questions quite consistently, there remains considerable discussion and debate between researchers about the definition of consciousness and the way it should be studied. To highlight a few observations, a majority of respondents believe that machines could have consciousness, that consciousness is a gradual phenomenon in the animal kingdom and that unconscious processing is extensive, encompassing both low-level as well as high-level cognitive functions. Further, we show which theories of consciousness are currently considered most promising and how supposedly different theories cluster together, which dependent measures are best used to index the presence or absence of consciousness, and which neural measures are the most likely signatures of consciousness. These findings provide us with a snapshot of the current, dominant views of professional researchers in the field and therefore may help to prioritise research and theoretical approaches to foster progress.

City, Congress, Wealth, Health

Despite his increasingly fragile health (respiratory problems for which he sought relief in long stays at the Hacienda de Atlacomulco in the lower, warmer climate of the Cuernavaca area), the years after the war were frenetic ones for Alamán. He assumed the leadership of the Mexico City ayuntamiento (city council) for a time, founded the Conservative Party in 1848, established a second conservative daily in 1849, served a single term in Congress, and was nominated for president in 1851 (this did not prosper for lack of widespread support). The chapter devotes considerable discussion to the state of his health and to his wealth, with an analysis of his testament of about 1850.

Theoretical Perspectives on International Student Identity

Interest in international student identity has grown considerably over the last few years. In the context of international education, the emphasis on identity and the individual student may also be seen as an emerging response to the tendency of discussing international students and their identity-related experiences in homogenising ways. While there is considerable discussion about how international students’ sense of self is affected by cultural differences in higher education, a theory of identity is not always in place. The purpose of this paper is to bring together three theoretical perspectives on identity that are designed to account for specific cultural, social, and linguistic influences on identity construction. These perspectives are examined with examples from data-based case studies. This paper identifies the unique affordances of each perspective while also highlighting their mutual role in challenging broad discourses that have unfavourably defined international student identity.

Pre-primary teacher talk: L1 use across different activity references

Whether and how instructor L1 use may enhance foreign language learning has been a topic of considerable discussion. Although numerous studies note the L1’s recurrence in teacher talk, research has tended either to quantify its overall use throughout whole class sessions or to outline specific functions. Consequently, little is known about teachers’ actual L1-versus-L2 distribution across different classroom activities. This article contemplates teacher references relating to two prominent activities: core references (focusing on target content) and logistical references (classroom management and organisation). Via word count, it contrasts L1 use in the core and logistical references of ten non-native EFL instructors of very young learners. The findings indicate significantly higher L1 quantities in logistical than core references, even in the case of comprehensible high-frequency logistical terms such as sit. This disparity raises questions about the role of activity-differential L1 use, and points to the particular value of logistics for focalized teacher-talk analysis and awareness.

Introduction

This chapter focuses on the notion of production and how economists characterize production relationships in the context of the literature, and then presents a brief historical overview of the evolution of economists’ approaches to addressing the concept of time in production decision making. The major directions of production decisions having the potential to drive a dynamic decision process are presented. Being able to measure efficiency allows one to engage in benchmarking a firm against its peers to assess relative performance and obtain an objective reading to the core questions of many decision makers and planners. Productivity and economics performance are topics of high interest and have generated many studies and considerable discussion in economic policy circles across nations. Yet, theoretical and empirical studies focusing on production efficiency typically have ignored the time interdependence of production decisions and the adjustment paths of the firm over time.

Diagrams of Intensity: Visualising the Sensibilities of Transdisciplinary Practice

One of the challenges to an increased rationalism within educational discourse has been a rethinking of mind-body relations. While there has been considerable discussion around what is implicated through the engagement of physical and theoretical sites of knowing, methodological difficulties related to how its resultant data might be meaningfully evidenced remain. Based on fieldwork conducted on a post-qualitative approach to transdisciplinary practice the author provides an account of a visual research method developed specifically to illustrate non-verbal experiences of group ideation. Writing from the position of a creative practitioner and intimate insider, the author explores how this positionality supported the role of bodily knowing in her research and the ways in which bodily experience offered utility to this research endeavour. The author concludes with a reflection on visualisation as a method to capture non-cognitive data and areas indicated through felt data for further exploration.

Climate Change, Sea Level Rise, and Maritime Baselines: Responding to the Plight of Low-Lying Atoll States

Predicted sea level rise caused by anthropogenic climate change threatens to drastically alter coastlines around the world. In the case of low-lying atoll states, it threatens to expunge them from the map. This potential scenario has engendered considerable discussion concerning the fate of climate refugees. Relatively little attention, however, has been given to the impact of sea level rise on existing maritime zones and how these zones, and the resources they represent, might continue to benefit displaced communities. This article builds on the small body of legal scholarship that has taken this matter seriously, to provide a normative analysis, based on principles of global justice, of the best ways of responding to the plight of atoll states. The article thus makes a dual contribution: it extends legal scholarship by applying the principles of global justice to the problem of maritime boundaries, and it contributes to the literature on global justice by investigating a salient but hitherto neglected case.

Editorial: We are Core

I belonged to the Association for Library Collections &amp; Technical Services (ALCTS) (formerly Resources and Technical Services Division (RTSD)) for my entire professional career. It was my home in ALA, and where I forged relationships, learned valuable skills for my career, took advantage of continuing education offerings, and contributed to the profession through presentations, committee and task force work, and in editing ALCTS publications. And now, after considerable discussion and planning, ALCTS, along with the Library Leadership &amp; Management Association (LLAMA) and the Library Information Technology Association (LITA), are now Core: Leadership, Infrastructure, Futures. This new division will draw on the strengths of the three former divisions. The Oxford English Dictionary provides various meanings for the word “core,” including “The central or innermost part, the ‘heart’ of anything,” and “a central portion that is cut out, or that remains after using the surrounding parts.” These definitions are quite appropriate and fitting for Core.