scholarly journals Excavations at Eski-Kermen Site in 2019

2021 ◽  
pp. 134-143
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Aybabin ◽  
El'zara Hayredinova
Keyword(s):  
Religious Life ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Question Mark ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Silver Coin ◽  
Residential Quarters ◽  
In Fire ◽  
The Town

2019 archaeological studies allow to define the layout of the central part of the medieval town on Eski-Kermen plateau, Crimea. The central part of the town included the main basilica with a square approximately 5 m wide in front of it. In the 12th and 13th centuries, the last period of the town’s existence, the western part of the square was closed by a parapet made of massive limestone blocks. Behind the parapet were residential quarters with two-storey tiled manors. The project resulted in the discovery of evidence preservation of religious life on the plateau and in the 14th century. In slab-graves cleared out in 2018–2019 the archaeo­logists first discovered a silver coin of Ozbeg Khan, coined in 1320–1341, as well as golden earrings (the 14th century) in the shape of a question mark, and a clay jar (the 14–15th centuries). All graves of the first half of the 14th century were dug in a destruction stratum dated late 13th century. Probably, after most quarters perished in fire, the townspeople continued resi­ding in a central part of the town. Most likely, at the end of the 13th and 14th centuries a chapel was added to the main basilica. In 1930s the researchers found by the basilica a tomb model of the 14th century cross-in-square temple carved from local limestone now kept in Hermi­tage museum.

New evidence on the so-called Caravanserai of Koneurgench

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 356-366
Author(s):  
M. Mamedov ◽  
◽  
E. Muradova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
13Th Century ◽  
Archaeological Investigation ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The Town

This paper presents preliminary results of the archaeological investigation of the so-called Caravanserai of Koneurgench. The beginning of its construction is dated to the boundary between the 12th and 13th century. Having been severely damaged in the course of the Mongolian invasion it was reconstructed in the first third of the 14th century and finally destroyed during the devastation of the town by Timur in 1388. The question about the purpose of this building is not definitely solved but, in terms of typology, it is similar to the multi-column jumah mosque or a mosque with a courtyard layout.

The Politics of Sacred Lineages in 19th-Century Central Asia: Descent Groups Linked to Khwaja Ahmad Yasavi in Shrine Documents and Genealogical Charters

1999 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devin DeWeese
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Religious History ◽  
The West ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Town

Khwaja Ahmad Yasavi, the celebrated saint of Central Asia who lived most likely in the late 12th century, is perhaps best known as a Sufi shaykh and (no doubt erroneously) as a mystical poet; his shrine in the town now known as Turkistan, in southern Kazakhstan, has been an important religious center in Central Asia at least since the monumental mausoleum that still stands was built, by order of Timur, at the end of the 14th century. While Yasavi's shrine, owing to the predilections of Soviet scholarship, was extensively studied by architectural historians and archeologists, its role in social and religious history has received scant attention; at the same time, Ahmad Yasavi's legacy as a Sufi shaykh has itself been the subject of considerable misunderstanding, resulting from two related tendencies in past scholarship: to approach the Yasavi tradition as little more than a sideline to the historically dominant Naqshbandiyya, and to regard it as a phenomenon definable in “ethnic” terms, as limited to an exclusively Turkic environment. Even less well known in the West, however, is one aspect of Ahmad Yasavi's legacy that is of increasing significance in contemporary Central Asia, as the region's religious heritage is recovered and redefined in the wake of the Soviet Union's collapse—namely, the distinctive familial communities that define themselves in terms of descent from Yasavi's family, and have historically claimed specific prerogatives associated with Yasavi's shrine.

scholarly journals Two “Identical” Freiburg Charters of 1275. Short Draft

2021 ◽  
pp. 56-67
Author(s):  
Pavel Blokhin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Analysis ◽  
City Council ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Trade Law ◽  
Comparative Historical Analysis ◽  
Criminal Procedure Law ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

Introduction. In 1275, two drafts of town law of Freiburg im Breisgau were created. This article presents an analysis of one of these texts, namely the short draft. Methods and materials. The main research method is comparative historical analysis. The contents of two charters are compared, namely the 1218 Rodel draft and the short draft of 1275. Analysis. There are 6 thematic clusters uniting the laws by branches of law: 1) privileges of citizens and rights of the Town Lord; 2) criminal procedure law; 3) civil law; 4) town administration; 5) trade law; 6) various laws. The first part of the laws from the short draft is a translation of the Rodelian laws, the second one represents reformulated Rodelian norms, while the last one contains new laws in the legislation of Freiburg. Results. Though the document did not become an official town charter, it manifested the changes in the town law of the 13th century, compared to the previous 1218 Town Charter. In addition, the laws in the draft reflected the political struggle for power between the Town Lord of Freiburg, the City Council of 24 and the town community. The Town Lord regained his previously lost rights, in particular the legislative initiative. However, at the same time, the short draft significantly limited Lord’s arbitrariness towards the property of citizens as well as Freiburg citizens themselves. According to the short draft, the City Council of 24 strengthened and expanded its power in the town, becoming a full-fledged legislative and executive body of the town administration. The town community, on the other hand, was losing its privileges and rights, for example, it lost the opportunity to elect some of the civil servants and members of the Council of 24.

scholarly journals The anthologion Athos Lavra E-108: A Greek-Slavonic liturgical manuscript

Muzikologija ◽  
2011 ◽  
pp. 25-38
Author(s):  
Gerda Wolfram
Keyword(s):  
Great Change ◽  
Greek Text ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Sphere Of Influence

The codex Athos Lavra E-108 is a musical liturgical manuscript from the end of the 14th century. The change of the liturgical rite in the course of the 13th century was an important impulse for the development of the kalophonic style of Byzantine music. All genres of chant underwent a great change. Lavra E-108 contains both chants with Greek text and with Slavonic text. Various scribes contributed to this manuscript. It seems that the codex was used in a Greek-Slavonic congregation, in a Greek sphere of influence.

scholarly journals Stepmother and stepson: Duchess Matilda in the power struggle after the death of her husband Barnim I, the Duke of Pomerania

2019 ◽  
pp. 83-99
Author(s):  
Mariola Freza‑Olczyk
Keyword(s):  
Complex Problem ◽  
General Information ◽  
Personal Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Power Struggle ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Political Situation

This essay presents the diplomatic relations between the Pomeranian Duke Bogusław IV and his stepmother, Duchess Matilda. Bogusław was the first son of Duke Barnim I and his second wife, Duchess Margaret of Mecklenburg. The first aim is to describe some general information relating to their personal life. Another crucial objective is to explore in greater detail the political situation in the Duchy of Pomerania towards the end of the 13th century and in the early 14th century. This is a complex problem because of the numerous conflicets between Duke Bogusław IV and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. His stepmother, Duchess Matilda, was a daughter of Margrave Otto III of Brandenburg. This fact had an immense influence on their diplomatic relations. In 1295, the Duchy of Pomerania was divided between Duke Bogusław IV and his half‑brother, Otto I. According to this agreement, Bogusław received Wolgast, and Otto Szczecin. The paper shows that in all likelihood Duchess Matilda contributed to this division of the duchy.

scholarly journals Czas powstania krzyżackiego komturstwa w Pokarminie (Brandenburg) a kwestia chronologii wznoszenia tamtejszego zamku

2019 ◽  
pp. 100-113
Author(s):  
Sławomir Jóźwiak ◽  
Janusz Trupinda
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Curtain Wall ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Construction Works

The analyses performed in the paper indicate that the construction works on the brick Teutonic Commandery Castle in Pokarmin (Brandenburg) started in the 1280s (perhaps around 1283). This coincided with the decision to make it the headquarters of the order and the seat of the commander, which took place at the end of 1283 or at the beginning of 1294. The castle was more or less finished (the main wing and the curtain wall surrounding the whole site?) in 1290. At the beginning of the 14th century (before 1306) it had two or three wings and was built on a rectangular plane. By no means was the castle in Pokarmin the first or model regular castle in the State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia, which was a common assumption among scholars up until now. This issue is still being researched, but more and more information points to Papowo in the Chełmno land as the first regular (square), four‑wing commandery castle in Prussia. We are still not certain, however, if by the end of the 13th century its construction had been completed.

scholarly journals Reconstruction of the morphology and hydrography of the centre of Kraków before the mid-13th century

2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Łajczak ◽  
Roksana Zarychta
Keyword(s):  
Cross Validation ◽  
Published Data ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Geomorphological Map ◽  
Historic Centre ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Elevation Model ◽  
The Town ◽  
Surfer Software

The paper concerns investigations on urban geomorphology. The subject of the paper is the historic centre of Kraków (or Cracow) where the pre-human relief became masked due to the rapid increase in cultural deposits from the mid-13th century onwards. The aim of the investigation is the reconstruction of the original topography, relief and hydrography of this area based on rich sources of materials in papers and non-published data on geology, geoengineering, archaeology, history, and also on maps and panoramic drawings of the town. A digital elevation model has been generated, which showed the topography of the study area in the period before the mid-13th century. Structural analysis, cross validation test and estimation by ordinary kriging method were carried out. The final cartographic work was prepared with the use of QGIS and Surfer software. The distribution of landforms in the study area in the mid-13th century is presented as a proposed variant of the geomorphological map prepared by the authors. The former relief was evaluated in terms of its potential for encouraging settlement.

"Saperi cittadini", strategie e autocefalia della cittŕ: la smilitarizzazione di Pola

TERRITORIO ◽  
2012 ◽  
pp. 49-53
Author(s):  
Ivana Venier
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Planning ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Question Mark ◽  
Strategic Plans ◽  
The Town

This paper provides a brief summary of the affairs surrounding the demilitarisation of the town of Pola, in Croatia, and it gives a series of considerations on the role that ‘citizen expertise' and strategic planning could have played in the processes employed to make use of the abandoned military areas, putting a question mark over the capacity of the town to be autocephalous, or in other words its ability to carry through strategic plans on its own. This case also highlights the important issue of the temporary reuse of abandoned military areas and the involvement of local communities in these processes.

MOSAICS IN THE REGIONAL MUSEUM OF MESSINA, THEIR STYLISTIC FEATURES AND PLACE IN THE ART OF THE EARLY PALAEOLOGAN PERIOD

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
Maria I. Yakovleva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Research Literature ◽  
Local Churches ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Byzantine Art

The Regional Museum of Messina possesses four fragments of monumental mosaics originating from local churches. Their dating, as suggested in research literature, varies between the second half of the 13th century and the first third of the 14th. А question remains open concerning the roles that the authentic Byzantine and/or local Sicilian masters played in their creation. Messinian mosaic fragments show familiarity with methods of rendering faces which were not crystallized in Byzantine art before the origin of the mosaics in Kariye Camii (1316–1321). In the opinion expressed here, they were all produced during the first third of the 14th century, by local craftsmen who were guided by Constantinople models, although a manner they worked in was more simplified in comparison with metropolitan one. An exception is a mosaic depicting the archangel Michael, which could have been created by a visiting Byzantine master who had metropolitan training.

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