MOSAICS IN THE REGIONAL MUSEUM OF MESSINA, THEIR STYLISTIC FEATURES AND PLACE IN THE ART OF THE EARLY PALAEOLOGAN PERIOD

Author(s):  
Maria I. Yakovleva ◽  

The Regional Museum of Messina possesses four fragments of monumental mosaics originating from local churches. Their dating, as suggested in research literature, varies between the second half of the 13th century and the first third of the 14th. А question remains open concerning the roles that the authentic Byzantine and/or local Sicilian masters played in their creation. Messinian mosaic fragments show familiarity with methods of rendering faces which were not crystallized in Byzantine art before the origin of the mosaics in Kariye Camii (1316–1321). In the opinion expressed here, they were all produced during the first third of the 14th century, by local craftsmen who were guided by Constantinople models, although a manner they worked in was more simplified in comparison with metropolitan one. An exception is a mosaic depicting the archangel Michael, which could have been created by a visiting Byzantine master who had metropolitan training.

Muzikologija ◽  
2011 ◽  
pp. 25-38
Author(s):  
Gerda Wolfram

The codex Athos Lavra E-108 is a musical liturgical manuscript from the end of the 14th century. The change of the liturgical rite in the course of the 13th century was an important impulse for the development of the kalophonic style of Byzantine music. All genres of chant underwent a great change. Lavra E-108 contains both chants with Greek text and with Slavonic text. Various scribes contributed to this manuscript. It seems that the codex was used in a Greek-Slavonic congregation, in a Greek sphere of influence.


2019 ◽  
pp. 83-99
Author(s):  
Mariola Freza‑Olczyk

This essay presents the diplomatic relations between the Pomeranian Duke Bogusław IV and his stepmother, Duchess Matilda. Bogusław was the first son of Duke Barnim I and his second wife, Duchess Margaret of Mecklenburg. The first aim is to describe some general information relating to their personal life. Another crucial objective is to explore in greater detail the political situation in the Duchy of Pomerania towards the end of the 13th century and in the early 14th century. This is a complex problem because of the numerous conflicets between Duke Bogusław IV and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. His stepmother, Duchess Matilda, was a daughter of Margrave Otto III of Brandenburg. This fact had an immense influence on their diplomatic relations. In 1295, the Duchy of Pomerania was divided between Duke Bogusław IV and his half‑brother, Otto I. According to this agreement, Bogusław received Wolgast, and Otto Szczecin. The paper shows that in all likelihood Duchess Matilda contributed to this division of the duchy.


2019 ◽  
pp. 100-113
Author(s):  
Sławomir Jóźwiak ◽  
Janusz Trupinda

The analyses performed in the paper indicate that the construction works on the brick Teutonic Commandery Castle in Pokarmin (Brandenburg) started in the 1280s (perhaps around 1283). This coincided with the decision to make it the headquarters of the order and the seat of the commander, which took place at the end of 1283 or at the beginning of 1294. The castle was more or less finished (the main wing and the curtain wall surrounding the whole site?) in 1290. At the beginning of the 14th century (before 1306) it had two or three wings and was built on a rectangular plane. By no means was the castle in Pokarmin the first or model regular castle in the State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia, which was a common assumption among scholars up until now. This issue is still being researched, but more and more information points to Papowo in the Chełmno land as the first regular (square), four‑wing commandery castle in Prussia. We are still not certain, however, if by the end of the 13th century its construction had been completed.


2021 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 356-366
Author(s):  
M. Mamedov ◽  
◽  
E. Muradova ◽  

This paper presents preliminary results of the archaeological investigation of the so-called Caravanserai of Koneurgench. The beginning of its construction is dated to the boundary between the 12th and 13th century. Having been severely damaged in the course of the Mongolian invasion it was reconstructed in the first third of the 14th century and finally destroyed during the devastation of the town by Timur in 1388. The question about the purpose of this building is not definitely solved but, in terms of typology, it is similar to the multi-column jumah mosque or a mosque with a courtyard layout.


Vivarium ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (2-4) ◽  
pp. 322-335
Author(s):  
Mikko Yrjönsuuri

The paper considers two kinds of medieval obligational disputations (positio, rei veritas) and the medieval genre of sophismata in relation to the kinds of inferences accepted in them. The main texts discussed are the anonymous Obligationes parisienses from the early 13th century and Richard Kilvington’s Sophismata from the early 14th century. Four different kinds of warranted transition from an antecedent to a consequent become apparent in the medieval discussions: (1) the strong logical validity of basic propositional logic, (2) analytic validity based on conceptual containment, (3) merely semantic impossibility of the antecedent being true without the consequent, and (4) intuitively true counterfactual conditionals. As these different kinds of consequences are spelled out by means of obligational disputations, it appears that the genre of obligations is indeed useful for the “knowledge of consequences,” as the anonymous Obligationes parisienses claims.


2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asep Saefullah

This article attempts to trace the early history of Islam in Temasek, a former name of Singapore. The city was also known as the ‘Sea Town’, and was a part of the Nusantara. In the 12th-14th century, Tumasik and Kedah were important ports in the Malay Peninsula. Tumasik, at that time, was important enough to figure in international trade networks. The very strategic location of Tumasik, at the very tip of the Malay Peninsula, made it a significant prize for the master. Kingdoms that once ruled it: the Sriwijaya kingdom until the end of the 13th century AD and Majapahit kingdom that ruled it until the 14th century. In the 15th century AD, Tumasik came under the rule of Ayutthaya-Thailand; and subsequent occupation controlled by the Sultanate of Malacca to the Portuguese in 1511 AD. Speaking on the comming of Islam in Tumasik that was along with the influx of Muslim merchants, both Arabic and Persian, between the 8th – 11th century which the trading activity increased in the Archipelago. Coastal cities and ports, one of which Tumasik, on the Malay Peninsula became the settlements of Muslim tradespeople. Most of them settled and married there. Thus, it is strongly suspected that Islam has been present in Tumasik since perhaps the 8th century AD. Up until the beginning of the 16th century, the old Singapore remains a Muslim settlement, along with other vendors, both from Europe, India, and China, and also became an important port under the Sultanate of Malacca. That Malaccan empire was conquered by the Portuguese in 1511. Keywords: early history of Islam, Tumasik, Singapore, Sultanate of Malacca Artikel ini mencoba menelusuri sejarah awal Islam di Tumasik, kada disebut juga Temasek, nama dulu bagi Singapura. Kota ini juga disebut sebagai Kota Laut (Sea Town), dan merupakan bagian dari Nusantara masa lalu. Pada abad ke-12 s.d. 14 M, Tumasik bersama Kedah merupakan pelabuhan-pelabuhan penting di Semenanjung Malaya. Pada masa itu, Tumasik merupakan kota perdagangan yang cukup besar dan penting dalam jaringan perdagangan internasional. Posisinya yang sangat strategis di ujung Semenanjung Malaya, menjadikan Tumasik menggiurkan untuk dikuasai. Kerajaan-kerajaan yang pernah menguasai Tumasik yaitu Sriwijaya sampai akhir abad ke-13 M dan Majapahit sampai abad ke-14 M. Pada abad ke-15 M, Tumasik berada di bawah kekuasaan Ayutthaya-Thailand; dan selanjutnya dikuasai Kesultanan Malaka sampai pendu¬dukan Portugis 1511 M. Adapun proses masuknya Islam di Tumasik terjadi bersamaan dengan masuknya para pedagang Muslim, baik dari Arab maupun Persia pada abad ke-8 s.d. 11 M yang mengalami peningkatan aktivitas perdagangan. Kota-kota pesisir dan pelabuhan-pelabuhan, salah satunya Tumasik, di Semenanjung Malaya menjadi pemukiman-pemukiman bagi para pedagang Muslim tersebut. Sebagian dari mereka menetap dan berkeluarga di sana. Dengan demikian, diduga kuat bahwa Islam telah hadir di Tumasik antara abad ke-8 M - ke 11 M. Hingga permulaan abad ke-16 M, Singapura lama tetap menjadi pemukiman Muslim, bersama para pedagang lain, baik dari Eropa, India, maupun Cina, dan sekaligus menjadi pelabuhan penting di bawah kekuasaan Kesultanan Malaka, sampai dengan kesultanan ini ditaklukan oleh Portugis pada 1511 M. Kata kunci: sejarah awal Islam, Tumasik, Singapura, Kesultanan Malaka


Author(s):  
Elena Aleksandrovna Nemykina ◽  

This article is devoted to the problem of the influence of ideological attitudes on the iconographic programs of the medieval Macedonian monuments at the end of the 13th – the first quarter of the 14th century. This period is associated with the reign of the Serbian king Milutin (1282–1321), who conquered a number of Macedonian territories from Byzantium and married the daughter of the Byzantine emperor Andronicus II Palaeologus (1282–1328). Close kinship with the imperial family and Milutin’s active policy towards Byzantium become the key factors for the reorientation of Serbian ideology from a national platform to an imperial one.This article is devoted to the problem of the influence of ideological attitudes on the iconographic programs of the medieval Macedonian monuments at the end of the 13th – the first quarter of the 14th century. This period is associated with the reign of the Serbian king Milutin (1282–1321), who conquered a number of Macedonian territories from Byzantium and married the daughter of the Byzantine emperor Andronicus II Palaeologus (1282–1328). Close kinship with the imperial family and Milutin’s active policy towards Byzantium become the key factors for the reorientation of Serbian ideology from a national platform to an imperial one.The process of «byzantinization» affects all the areas of the life of the Serbian kingdom, including art. Establishing his presence in Macedonia, Milutin, with the help of the Greek masters, actively builds and restores churches, rebuilds the Greek buildings and invites the Greek artists, Michael and Eutychios, belonging to the progressive artistic movement to paint churches. Thus, the architectural and pictorial ensembles of this time arise within the framework of the Byzantine artistic tradition and correspond to the main currents of the Byzantine art. Fresco paintings are created in accordance with the stylistic principles of the advanced trends of the Paleologian Renaissance and are replete with fresh iconographic solutions, new semantic accents and compositions. Good preservation of the most of Milutin’s monuments ensured close attention of the researchers. However, with a thorough study of the Byzantine traditions in the Serbian cultural paradigm, the fact of embedding national specifics into the Byzantine imperial theme remained unnoticed, as evidenced by a number of the iconographic features of the monumental paintings considered in this article.Keywords: imperial theme, iconography, medieval fresco painting, national specifics, Milutin, ideology of Nemanichi, Macedonia, Serbian Kingdom, art, cultural studies, cultura of Medieval Ages.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-49
Author(s):  
Shaharir Bin Mohd Zain

The Malayonesian cosmological doctrines highlighted here are based on the study of the five Malay inscriptions dated 5th century to 14th century A.D, a traditional Malay folklore on cosmology compiled by Abdullah (1984), and  a well known best seller Malay manuscript entitled Taj al-Muluk edited by Syaikh Ismail al-Asyi (1893). We find that the Malayonesian cosmology changes as the people change their religion successively from Hindu to Buddha and to Islam as such that their cosmology became a syncretism of Hindu-Buddha cosmology and Islamic cosmology (after 13th century A.D). But in the second part of the 20th century, the Muslims  through out the world began to rediscover their cosmology in relation to a much more pure Islamic cosmology. As a result, a substantial portion of Malayonesians become dualistic or syncretic in their cosmology.  Then toward the end of the 20th century came a very powerfull Western cosmology  invaded the Muslims thought through economics and malitarism  as such that their belief in Islamic cosmology has to accommodate the Western cosmology as well and hence the syncretic Hindu-Buddha-Islamic cosmology  became less prominent. A new relativistic dualism, namely a parallel recognition in both the Islamic and the Western cosmologies appeared in Malayonesian cosmology.


2019 ◽  
pp. 135-158
Author(s):  
Дионисий Шлёнов

Известнейший аскет и мистик конца XIII в., стоящий у истоков расцвета исихазма в XIV в., прп. Никифор Итал был автором не только трактата «О хранении сердца», вошедшего в «Добротолюбие», но и диспута о вере, который никогда не переводился на русский язык. Диспут состоялся в городе Птолемаида/Акра в конце 1276 г. с Фомой, латинским патриархом Иерусалима, папским легатом в Святой Земле и известным персонажем в иерархии Римско-католической церкви. В настоящей публикации предлагается русский перевод памятника, важного не только для истории полемики между латинянами и греками, но и как сочинение, в котором в зачаточном виде присутствуют черты учения о сущности и энергиях Бога, впоследствии развиваемого свт. Григорием Паламой. «Диспут» носит яркий автобиографический характер и, помимо богословия, проливает свет на жизнь прп. Никифора Исихаста, которую можно реконструировать по отдельным внешним свидетельствам. В целом данный памятник важен, в том числе, и для формирования учения о неизменности предания семи Вселенских Соборов, которое впоследствии применялось в антилатинской полемике. The most famous ascetic and mystic of the end of the 13th century, who stood at the origins of hesychasm in the 14th century, was the author of not only the treatise «On the Keeping of the Heart», which was included in the «Philocalia», but also the author of a debate on faith, which was never translated into Russian. The dispute took place in the city of Ptolemais Acre at the end of 1276 with Thomas, the Latin patriarch of Jerusalem, papal legate in the Holy Land and a famous figure in the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church. This publication offers a Russian translation of the monument, which is important not only for the history of polemics between the Latins and the Greeks, but also as an essay in which the features of the doctrine of the essence and energies of God, later developed by St. Gregory Palamas, are presented in their earliest stage. «The Dispute» has a vivid autobiographical character and, in addition to theology, sheds light on the life of St. Nicephorus the Hesychast, which can be reconstructed on the basis of some external evidence. In general, this work is important for the understanding of the formation of the doctrine of the immutability of the tradition of the seven Ecumenical Councils, which was later used in the anti-Latin polemics.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document