The Use of Gamma Ray Log Data to Compute and Study the Deposition of Shale Volume of Mishrif Formation in Middle and Southern Parts of Iraq

The shale volume is one of the most important properties that can be computed depending on gamma ray log. The shale volume of Mishrif Formation (carbonate formation from middle Cenomanian- early Turonian) was studied for the regional area of the middle and southern parts of Iraq. The gamma ray log data from seventeen wells ( Kf-3,Kf-4, Ad-1,Ad -2,Dh-1, Bu-47, Ns-2, Ns-4, Am-1,Am-2,Hf-2,Hf-115,Mj-3,Mj-15, Su-7,Wq-15 and Lu-7) distributed in the study area were used to compute the shale volume of Mishrif Formation. From the available data of the considered wells, a regional isopach map of Mishrif Formation was obtained. The isopach map indicates that the maximum thickness of Mishrif Formation is located at the eastern part of the study area. The results of the CPI and the shale volume map, which were computed using the Techlog and surfer software, show that the maximum value of shale volume is located at the southern part of the study area (Su-7 well), while the minimum value is at the eastern part (Hf-2well). According to the classification of Kamel and Mabrouk (2003), Mishrif Formation seems to be a Shaly Formation in the study area, except Halfaya oil field at the eastern part of the study area, which seems as a Clear Formation. The top map of the shale marker bed, which appears in most studied wells, shows a regional trend of the formation toward the northeast. According to the variation of the thickness of the shale marker bed, the study area is divided into four zones.

Effects of Dam Gate Geometry on Pressure Variation Aided by Map Presentation

The dam vertical lift gate is one of the most important operational parts that regulate the high head water flow to power plants as well as satisfying the water needs for projects and areas downstream of the dam. Due to the high water levels in the dam reservoir, the gates are subjected to many hydrostatic and dynamic pressures that affect their performance and stability. Hence, it became necessary to study all parameters that may cause excessive pressures which may lead to reduce the gate performance efficiency or even cause failure. In the current study, the pressure distribution along the bottom surface of various gate lip shapes has been measured and presented as contour maps using Surfer software. The pressure fluctuation was observed to indicate the intensity of flow separation and reattachment which, in turn, causes a vibration that may threaten the stability of the gate or impede its proper functioning. The pressures in this study are expressed as a dimensional coefficient through the integration of pressure measurements at 8 points distributed over the bottom gate surface. The high intensity of pressure attachment indicates the critical condition for hydraulic design.

Reconstruction of the morphology and hydrography of the centre of Kraków before the mid-13th century

The paper concerns investigations on urban geomorphology. The subject of the paper is the historic centre of Kraków (or Cracow) where the pre-human relief became masked due to the rapid increase in cultural deposits from the mid-13th century onwards. The aim of the investigation is the reconstruction of the original topography, relief and hydrography of this area based on rich sources of materials in papers and non-published data on geology, geoengineering, archaeology, history, and also on maps and panoramic drawings of the town. A digital elevation model has been generated, which showed the topography of the study area in the period before the mid-13th century. Structural analysis, cross validation test and estimation by ordinary kriging method were carried out. The final cartographic work was prepared with the use of QGIS and Surfer software. The distribution of landforms in the study area in the mid-13th century is presented as a proposed variant of the geomorphological map prepared by the authors. The former relief was evaluated in terms of its potential for encouraging settlement.

CREATION OF A QUASIGEOID MODEL ON A LOCAL SECTION BY GIS MEANS

The capabilities of fully functional geographic information systems used in various fields make it possible to simulate the characteristics of the gravitational field, presenting measuring information in the form of continuous surfaces, thereby expanding the area of use of data on the Earth's gravitational field. An important stage of visualization is the choice of a method of interpolating data that provides the highest possible accuracy in creating a digital model of the studied characteristic of the gravitational field. The authors developed a technology for choosing the optimal method for interpolating the characteristics of the Earth's gravitational field in a GIS to create models with an assessment of their accuracy according to the initial data, presented in the form of a technological scheme. The possibilities of the Golden Software Surfer software product for creating a model of quasi-geoid heights from the unevenly presented satellite and geometric leveling data in the study area are considered. A method for interpolating the heights of a quasi-geoid in Golden Software Surfer is proposed, a model of a quasi-geoid in a local area is created. An assessment of the accuracy of the created model according to the initial data is performed.

OPPORTUNITIES AND TECHNIQUES OF USING THE DATABASES OF TINRO «ZOOPLANKTON OF THE NORTH PACIFIC, OKHOTSK, BERING, AND CHUKCHI SEAS», «NEKTON TROPHOLOGY», AND «MARINE BIOLOGY»

Structure of the databases «Zooplankton…» and «Nekton trophology» is described and some techniques are proposed for nekton studies using these bases in conjunction with the database «Marine Biology». All three databases are regularly updated. The bases «Zooplankton…» and «Nekton trophology» contain raw data on plankton and feeding of nekton collected in the North Pacific and the Okhotsk, Bering and Chukchi Seas in 1984–2018. The «Nekton trofology» database contains information for 97 species of nekton, mostly for mass species (72–78 % of samples belong to 5 most numerous species), and 156 species of prey, including 27 species of Copepoda, 7 species of Euphausiacea, 9 species of Amphipoda, 14 species of Decapoda, 6 species of Coelenterata, 15 species of Cephalopoda, and 60 species of Pisces, other groups of prey are represented by 1–2 species. The data are spatially sorted by biostatistical areas and their sub-areas, in total 64 sub-areas in the Okhotsk Sea, 32 areas in the Bering Sea, 30 areas in the North Pacific, and 5 areas in the Chukchi Sea. Mean depth is determined for each sub-area. Method of spatial distribution mapping is demonstrated with using the sub-areas as integral stations or the 1-degree grid for Surfer software. Technique of regional inventory is explained with summarizing and averaging the data and calculation of various indicators as plankton–nekton ratio, etc. The 1-degree trapeziums are numbered for easier usage. Some useful examples are presented with the author’s comments (showing his personal opinion).

Distribution Pattern of Volcanic Ash Essential Elements on the Top Layer of Agricultural Land Post Merapi Eruption in Sleman

Volcanic ash contains essential elements to the soil fertility of agricultural land which is important to be investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution pattern of volcanic ash essential elements as a result of volcanic eruption disaster using Surfer software. To input, the Surfer software, soil samples of volcanic ash at 10 sampling locations in Sleman at a radius of 14 to 26 km towards the south from a peak of Merapi were collected. Data of wind direction, humidity and ground level at the time of sampling were also collected. The concentrations of the essential element in samples were measured using NAA (neutron activation analysis). The pH of volcanic ash samples in each sampling locations was also measured. The results showed that volcanic ash for all sampling locations contained, Al, Fe, Na, K, and Si as major elements and Zn, Co, and Se as trace elements. The concentration distribution pattern of the Zn, Si, Co and Fe elements tends to decrease towards the peak of Merapi, on the other hand, the Na, and K elements showed that their distribution concentration tends to decrease away from the peak of Merapi. The wind’s speed affects the distribution range of an element contained in volcanic ash samples. The pH of volcanic ash samples seemingly only affect the concentration of Zn elements in the distribution pattern of elements.

Geomorphological conditions of the location historical ironworks. A contribution to the research based on DEM analysis from LIDAR data

The aim of this study was to present the use of the natural elements of the relief of river valleys such as changes in the width of the valley bottom, landforms occurring in the bottom of the valley, differences in height of the valley terraces as favourable for the location of the dam partitioning the bottom of the valley and creating a water reservoir for the requirements of historic metallurgical centres. The research was carried out based on DEM analysis from LiDAR data. Features were chosen in river basins with a rich metallurgical legacy. Analysis of the location of the former ironworks was carried out using Surfer 12 software. Five centres were selected due to the fact that only these are the only centres suitable for research which have survived to this day. Using the shaded relief models and contour coloured maps absolute differences in height between valley levels and other forms of relief occurring in the valley were analyzed, as well as the distribution of individual terrain forms in the designated part of the valley and changes in the width of the valley bottom were analysed in the context of the location of former metallurgical centres. On the basis of the contours of the former water reservoir visible in the valley relief, and using a surface area measurement tool (Surfer software), the range of the area that the reservoir could cover was measured. On the basis of the results obtained, it can be seen that convenient geomorphological conditions were used for the placement of selected weirs and metallurgical ponds which facilitated the damming of the valley. Natural narrowing of the valley bottom, or dunes and hills directly adjacent to the valley floor, were utilised during the construction of the dam. The rivers on which the furnace ponds were constructed are relatively small watercourses, so the weirs created by the constructors are not impressive. Their height is generally in the range of about 2 to 3 metres and their length is from about 120 to 300 metres. Nevertheless, they were effective in allowing sufficient water retention and the creation of furnace ponds with a measured area of about 4.5 ha to about 25 ha.

Modelling of Ground Borne Vibration Induced by Road Transport

Ground-borne vibrations induced by road transport is common source of environmental problem for residents living near roads where large flow of vehicles is. Any irregular unevenness of road surface increase the transport induced ground borne vibrations. The ground-borne vibrations travel through soil, different types of soil have different properties and transmission loss of vibrations is different. In this paper the spread of ground borne vibration is modelled using numerical modelling and represented using Surfer software. In this research is considered most common soil types in Lithuania: Peat, clay, sandy loam and loam. Calculated soil particle acceleration near vibration source was highest in Clay soil (34,3 mm/s2). The calculations show that in peat soil vibration travel further than in other soils.