Nutrition, aspects of land use and environment in medieval times in southern Germany: plant macro-remain analysis from latrines (late 11th–13th century a.d.) at the town of Überlingen, Lake Constance

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Märkle
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Lake Constance ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Southern Germany ◽  
The Town

scholarly journals Two “Identical” Freiburg Charters of 1275. Short Draft

2021 ◽  
pp. 56-67
Author(s):  
Pavel Blokhin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Analysis ◽  
City Council ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Trade Law ◽  
Comparative Historical Analysis ◽  
Criminal Procedure Law ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

Introduction. In 1275, two drafts of town law of Freiburg im Breisgau were created. This article presents an analysis of one of these texts, namely the short draft. Methods and materials. The main research method is comparative historical analysis. The contents of two charters are compared, namely the 1218 Rodel draft and the short draft of 1275. Analysis. There are 6 thematic clusters uniting the laws by branches of law: 1) privileges of citizens and rights of the Town Lord; 2) criminal procedure law; 3) civil law; 4) town administration; 5) trade law; 6) various laws. The first part of the laws from the short draft is a translation of the Rodelian laws, the second one represents reformulated Rodelian norms, while the last one contains new laws in the legislation of Freiburg. Results. Though the document did not become an official town charter, it manifested the changes in the town law of the 13th century, compared to the previous 1218 Town Charter. In addition, the laws in the draft reflected the political struggle for power between the Town Lord of Freiburg, the City Council of 24 and the town community. The Town Lord regained his previously lost rights, in particular the legislative initiative. However, at the same time, the short draft significantly limited Lord’s arbitrariness towards the property of citizens as well as Freiburg citizens themselves. According to the short draft, the City Council of 24 strengthened and expanded its power in the town, becoming a full-fledged legislative and executive body of the town administration. The town community, on the other hand, was losing its privileges and rights, for example, it lost the opportunity to elect some of the civil servants and members of the Council of 24.

scholarly journals Reconstruction of the morphology and hydrography of the centre of Kraków before the mid-13th century

2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Łajczak ◽  
Roksana Zarychta
Keyword(s):  
Cross Validation ◽  
Published Data ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Geomorphological Map ◽  
Historic Centre ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Elevation Model ◽  
The Town ◽  
Surfer Software

The paper concerns investigations on urban geomorphology. The subject of the paper is the historic centre of Kraków (or Cracow) where the pre-human relief became masked due to the rapid increase in cultural deposits from the mid-13th century onwards. The aim of the investigation is the reconstruction of the original topography, relief and hydrography of this area based on rich sources of materials in papers and non-published data on geology, geoengineering, archaeology, history, and also on maps and panoramic drawings of the town. A digital elevation model has been generated, which showed the topography of the study area in the period before the mid-13th century. Structural analysis, cross validation test and estimation by ordinary kriging method were carried out. The final cartographic work was prepared with the use of QGIS and Surfer software. The distribution of landforms in the study area in the mid-13th century is presented as a proposed variant of the geomorphological map prepared by the authors. The former relief was evaluated in terms of its potential for encouraging settlement.

scholarly journals The effect of local land-use changes on floristic diversity during the past 1000 years in southern Sweden

The Holocene ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 694-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Fredh ◽  
Florence Mazier ◽  
Petra Bragée ◽  
Per Lagerås ◽  
Mats Rundgren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Floristic Diversity ◽  
Southern Sweden ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Land Use Pattern ◽  
Landscape Characteristics ◽  
Heterogeneous Landscape

The relationship between land-use and floristic diversity in the landscape, for the last millennia, is analysed from two small lakes in southern Sweden. Pollen analysis and the Local Vegetation Estimates (LOVE) model are used to quantify land-cover at local scales with 100-year time windows. Floristic richness is estimated using palynological richness, and we introduce LOVE-based evenness as a proxy for floristic evenness on a local scale based on the LOVE output. The results reveal a dynamic land-use pattern, with agricultural expansion during the 13th century, a partly abandoned landscape around AD 1400, re-establishment during the 15th–17th centuries and a transition from traditional to modern land-use during the 20th century. We suggest that the more heterogeneous landscape and the more dynamic land-use during the 13th–19th centuries were of substantial importance for achieving the high floristic diversity that characterises the traditional landscape. Pollen-based studies of this type are helpful in identifying landscape characteristics and land-use practices that are important for floristic diversity and may therefore guide the development of ecosystem management strategies aiming at mitigating the on-going loss of species seen in the landscape of southern Sweden and many other regions worldwide.

New evidence on the so-called Caravanserai of Koneurgench

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 356-366
Author(s):  
M. Mamedov ◽  
◽  
E. Muradova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
13Th Century ◽  
Archaeological Investigation ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The Town

This paper presents preliminary results of the archaeological investigation of the so-called Caravanserai of Koneurgench. The beginning of its construction is dated to the boundary between the 12th and 13th century. Having been severely damaged in the course of the Mongolian invasion it was reconstructed in the first third of the 14th century and finally destroyed during the devastation of the town by Timur in 1388. The question about the purpose of this building is not definitely solved but, in terms of typology, it is similar to the multi-column jumah mosque or a mosque with a courtyard layout.

Pandharpur and Vitthal

Hinduism ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Reenberg Sand
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
The Real ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Actual Person ◽  
Chief Minister ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Local Tradition ◽  
The Town

Pandharpur, with its main deity, Viṭṭhala (hereafter Vitthal), alias Viṭhobā or Pāṇḍuraṅga, is the most popular pilgrimage site in Maharashtra. Every year it is visited by hundreds of thousands of pilgrims, first of all in connection with the Āṣāḍha and Kārttika festivals of the Vārakarī (hereafter Varkari) Sampradāya. Vitthal is a manifestation of Viṣṇu in his Krishna incarnation (avatāra). According to local tradition Vitthal arrived in Pandharpur attracted by the filial devotion of the seer Puṇḍalīka, or, according to another, later tradition, while looking for his wife Rukmiṇī. Since then he has established himself there for the favor of his devotees while Puṇḍalīka is considered to be the founder of the devotional cult known as Varkaris. The real explanation of Vitthal’s arrival in Pandharpur is another matter. Although many scholars have taken the myth about Puṇḍalīka to reflect a story about an actual person credited with bringing the worship of Vitthal to Pandharpur, some modern scholars believe that the myth is inspired by Purāṇic traditions legitimizing the establishment of Śaiva liṅgas. In fact, the idol of the Puṇḍalīka samādhi, one of the oldest temples in Pandharpur, contains a Śiva-liṅga. This, taken together with the fact that some of the oldest temples in the town are devoted to Śiva, suggests that Pandharpur was originally a Śaiva place that was later Vaiṣṇavized with the introduction of Vitthal, who may have been of pastoral origin and come from Karnataka to the south. When exactly this Vaiṣṇavization took place is not sure but it seems to have more or less coincided with the earliest historical inscription mentioning Pandharpur and Vitthal dating from the end of the 12th century when a temple of Vitthal was founded. At the end of the 13th century the cult was attracting support from the northern Marathi-speaking area when it was probably visited by the Yadava king Rāmacandra and his chief minister Hemādri as well as by Jñāneśvara, the “founder” of the Varkari Sampradāya. Literary sources for the study of Pandharpur either belong to the devotional Varkari tradition and are in the vernacular Marathi or they belong to the local Brahmanic tradition in the form of Sanskrit māhātmyas. Since the latter have either been unedited or are difficult to access, a characteristic of the research on Pandharpur until the 1980s is that it has mainly been based on literature in the Marathi language.

scholarly journals Provincial Land Use Planning Initiatives in the Town of Kapuskasing

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
O. W. Saarinen
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
World War I ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Urban Fringe ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Special Mention ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

Kapuskasing, Ontario warrants special mention in the history of Canadian land use planning. The town first acquired special prominence immediately following World War I when it was the site of the first provincially-planned resource community in Canada. The early layout of the settlement reflected the imprints of both the "city beautiful" and "garden city" movements. After 1958, the resource community then became the focus for an important experiment in urban "fringe" rehabilitation at Brunetville, a suburban area situated just east of the planned Kapuskasing townsite. The author suggests that the role of the Brunetville experiment in helping to change the focus of urban renewal in Canada from redevelopment to rehabilitation has not been fully appreciated.

scholarly journals Flash flooding as a threat to settlements even in remote areas

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 503-514
Author(s):  
Amir Gohar ◽  
G Mathias Kondolf
Keyword(s):  
Flash Flood ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Eastern Desert ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
New Development ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Future Loss ◽  
Sandy Sediments ◽  
The Town

Desert environments are subject to flash floods in wadi floors, which may occur only once every decade or two in a given wadi (dry channels or valleys, except during rains). In areas of rapid growth, flood-prone areas can become urbanized in the time between floods. Being flat and constituted of sandy sediments, unlike the surrounding terrain, wadi floors are often used for construction, exposing the new settlements to flood risks. We present a case study of the town of El-Sheikh El-Shazli, in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, which has undergone increasingly rapid development over the past two decades. The town is named for an important 13th-century Sufi leader whose shrine receives thousands of visitors annually. We document the extent and effects of the last flash flood (1996) from interviews, field measurement of flood debris, and patterns in satellite imagery; these show the extent of new development in flood-prone wadi floors and the potential risks to residents and visitors in the absence of proper planning. We then recommend measures to reduce the future loss of life and damage from flooding.

scholarly journals Interaction Relationship between Urbanization and Land Use Multifunctionality: Evidence from Han River Basin, China

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 938
Author(s):  
Yanli Gao ◽  
Hongbo Li ◽  
Yan Song
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Han River ◽  
Resource Endowment ◽  
Internal Mechanism ◽  
Han River Basin ◽  
The Town ◽  
Coordination Degree ◽  
Interaction Relationship

Coordinating the interaction between urbanization and land use multifunctionality (LUMF) is of great significance in regional sustainable development. This article explores the interaction relationship between urbanization and LUMF in the Han River Basin (HRB) of China from 2000 to 2018. We used the combination weighting method, coupling coordination degree model, and geographic detector method to examine the coupling relationship and internal mechanism between urbanization and LUMF. The results showed that (1) there exists a significant correlation between urbanization and LUMF, the coupling coordination degree of each county displayed an upward trend throughout the research period, and the whole region has a radiation effect of central cities; (2) from the perspective of the internal mechanism of urbanization demand and the LUMF supply, we found that social urbanization demand is the primary demand for LUMF, while the town living function is the main supply of LUMF for urbanization, which means social urbanization has more influence than economic and population urbanization on LUMF, and the town living function has greater decisive power than agricultural production function and ecological function on urbanization; and (3) the supply and demand-influencing factors between urbanization and LUMF in each sub-region are different, and the upstream is more susceptible to determinants than the midstream and downstream because of the worse natural resource endowment. In conclusion, the critical finding provides not only guidance to understand the relationship between urbanization and LUMF but also suggests that the government should adapt to local conditions when formulating regional development planning.

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