EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED LEARNED HELPLESSNESS: HOW FAR DOES IT GENERALIZE?

The study assessed whether experimentally induced learned helplessness on a cognitive training task generalized to a situationally dissimilar social interaction test task. Subjects were randomly assigned to non-contingent feedback, contingent feedback and control groups. The non-contingent feedback group demonstrated increased levels of affect (Anxiety. Depression and Hostility) following the training phase, indicating a successful helplessness induction. However, no significant differences were observed between the groups on the subsequent test task, showing that helplessness failed to generalize. A time delay between the test and training phase did not affect the performance of the non-contingent group, although there was an unexpected main effect with all subjects who experienced the delay showing facilitated performance. Results are discussed in terms of the reformulated learned helplessness model and extensions to it.

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“Learned Helplessness,” “Learned Hopefulness,” and “Learned Obsessiveness”: Effects of Varying. Contingencies on Escape Responding

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1978.43.3.795 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

pp. 795-801 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

R. L. Stegman ◽

William T. Mc Reynolds

Keyword(s):

Behavioral Disorders ◽

Learned Helplessness ◽

Perceived Control ◽

Training Phase ◽

Subsequent Test ◽

Superstitious Behavior

Two types of outcome appearing in most research on learned helplessness were studied. Subjects performing under an extinction, i.e., non-occurring, programmed outcome evidenced “learned helplessness.” Contrary to learned helplessness theory, however, most subjects given response-independent outcomes developed superstitious behavior and reported perceived control of events. Subjects in a third group whose responses were reinforced during a 50-trial “training” phase showed response “excesses” during 10 subsequent “test” trials. These results have important implications for the theory of learned helplessness and the relevance of laboratory phenomena to human behavioral disorders.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Antidepressant effect of three traditional Chinese medicines in the learned helplessness model.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1018910.214483 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

Eric Nestler

Keyword(s):

Learned Helplessness ◽

Antidepressant Effect ◽

Traditional Chinese Medicines ◽

Chinese Medicines ◽

Helplessness Model

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EFFECT OF EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED THYROIDITIS ON BIOSYNTHESIS OF THYROXINE IN RATS

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0620011 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

pp. 11-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Colum A. Gorman ◽

James W. Anderson ◽

Eunice V. Flock ◽

Charles A. Owen ◽

Khalil G. Wakim

Keyword(s):

Intravenous Administration ◽

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Thyroid Extract ◽

Histologic Appearance ◽

Gland Weight ◽

Sprague Dawley Rats ◽

Thyroid Glands ◽

And Control ◽

Experimentally Induced

ABSTRACT Thyroiditis was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by repeated immunization with thyroid extract and Freund's adjuvant. Immunized and control animals were killed at intervals up to 6 hours after intravenous administration of 131I as iodide at 5, 8 and 10 weeks after the first injection. Radioiodinated compounds in the thyroid glands were identified chromatographically. Evidence of moderate thyroiditis was present (histologic appearance, gland weight, and protein-bound iodine-butanol-extractable iodine difference) but the rate of incorporation of radioiodide into thyroxine, the percentage of radioactivity in the gland as iodide, and the MIT/DIT ratio were not significantly different in immunized and control animals. The MIT/DIT ratio was found to vary with time after 131I administration in both immunized and control animals. These studies did not uncover a defect in organification of iodide in experimental thyroiditis similar to that described by others in humans with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

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Immunological variability associated with experimentally-induced positive and negative affective states

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s003329170003289x ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 231-238 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Ann D. Futterman ◽

Margaret E. Kemeny ◽

David Shapiro ◽

William Polonsky ◽

John L. Fahey

Keyword(s):

Healthy Subjects ◽

Affective States ◽

Short Term ◽

Immunological Parameters ◽

Neutral State ◽

Negative Affective States ◽

Anxiety Depression ◽

Experimentally Induced

SYNOPSISFunctional and phenotypic immunological parameters were examined immediately before, after, and 30 minutes after experimentally-induced short-term positive (happiness) and negative (anxiety, depression) affective states and a neutral state, in five healthy subjects. Results indicated that all affective states induced more immune fluctuations (regardless of the direction) than the neutral state. Furthermore, among the affective states, anxiety induced the most immunological variability and depression the least.

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Brain–Computer Interface (BCI) Control of a Virtual Assistant in a Smartphone to Manage Messaging Applications

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21113716 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (11) ◽

pp. 3716

Author(s):

Francisco Velasco-Álvarez ◽

Álvaro Fernández-Rodríguez ◽

Francisco-Javier Vizcaíno-Martín ◽

Antonio Díaz-Estrella ◽

Ricardo Ron-Angevin

Keyword(s):

Free Text ◽

Short Message ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Computer Interfaces ◽

Brain Signals ◽

Message Service ◽

Performance Results ◽

And Control ◽

E Mail ◽

Visual P300

Brain–computer interfaces (BCI) are a type of assistive technology that uses the brain signals of users to establish a communication and control channel between them and an external device. BCI systems may be a suitable tool to restore communication skills in severely motor-disabled patients, as BCI do not rely on muscular control. The loss of communication is one of the most negative consequences reported by such patients. This paper presents a BCI system focused on the control of four mainstream messaging applications running in a smartphone: WhatsApp, Telegram, e-mail and short message service (SMS). The control of the BCI is achieved through the well-known visual P300 row-column paradigm (RCP), allowing the user to select control commands as well as spelling characters. For the control of the smartphone, the system sends synthesized voice commands that are interpreted by a virtual assistant running in the smartphone. Four tasks related to the four mentioned messaging services were tested with 15 healthy volunteers, most of whom were able to accomplish the tasks, which included sending free text e-mails to an address proposed by the subjects themselves. The online performance results obtained, as well as the results of subjective questionnaires, support the viability of the proposed system.

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DESIGN, PREPRODUCTION, AND PERFORMANCE OF THE CDF RUN IIB SILICON DETECTOR

International Journal of Modern Physics A ◽

10.1142/s0217751x05027692 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 20 (16) ◽

pp. 3811-3814

Author(s):

◽

PAUL LUJAN

Keyword(s):

Building Block ◽

Silicon Detector ◽

Radiation Hardness ◽

Control Signals ◽

Lightweight Structure ◽

And Performance ◽

Performance Results ◽

And Control ◽

Radiation Hard ◽

Detector Design

A new silicon detector was designed by the CDF collaboration for Run IIb of the Tevatron at Fermilab. The main building block of the new detector is a "supermodule" or "stave", an innovative, compact and lightweight structure of several readout hybrids and sensors with a bus cable running directly underneath the sensors to carry power, data, and control signals to and from the hybrids. The hybrids use a new, radiation-hard readout chip, the SVX4 chip. A number of SVX4 chips, readout hybrids, sensors, and supermodules were produced and tested in preproduction. The performance (including radiation-hardness) and yield of these components met or exceeded all design goals. The detector design goals, solutions, and performance results are presented.

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The Effect of Different Serotonergic Drugs in the Learned Helplessness Model of Depression

Animal Models in Psychopharmacology ◽

10.1007/978-3-0348-6419-0_18 ◽

1991 ◽

pp. 205-209 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

A. V. Christensen ◽

M. Geoffroy

Keyword(s):

Learned Helplessness ◽

Serotonergic Drugs ◽

Helplessness Model

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Unusual source of food: impact of dead siblings on encapsulated embryo development of Crepipatella fecunda (Gastropoda : Calyptraeidae)

Marine and Freshwater Research ◽

10.1071/mf07094 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 58 (12) ◽

pp. 1152 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

V. M. Cubillos ◽

O. R. Chaparro ◽

Y. A. Montiel ◽

D. Véliz

Keyword(s):

Larval Development ◽

Embryo Development ◽

Control Group ◽

Intermediate Period ◽

Mechanical Disruption ◽

Slow Development ◽

And Control ◽

Experimentally Induced

Embryonic cannibalism has been identified in directly developing calyptraeid species through observation of the ingestion of encapsulated sibling embryos. The object of the present study was to determine the effects of experimentally induced cannibalism on larval development in encapsulated larvae of Crepipatella fecunda (a species having mixed development). The effects studied included the time of intracapsular development, protoconch size and velar characteristics of the larvae. Mortality was induced during intracapsular development through mechanical disruption (‘treatment’) of embryos. A treatment and control group of embryos from the same female were compared. Encapsulated veligers actively fed on their sacrificed congeners. Larvae hatched in less than 10 days from treated capsules and had mean shell lengths and velum areas significantly lower than those from the control, but no significant differences in cilia length. In treated capsules where the embryos underwent a slow development (>20 days), the larvae produced shells, vela and cilia larger than those of the controls. In an intermediate period of intracapsular development, the differences recorded among larval characters were not statistically significant. The results showed that: (1) the encapsulated veligers were capable of feeding on exogenous food before hatching; (2) the consumption of non-living congeners decreased the time of intracapsular development; and (3) the morphometry of the larvae hatching from treated capsules varied depending on the period of intracapsular development and seems to be adaptively stabilised towards homogeneous larval morphometry.

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System design for inverted pendulum using LQR control via IoT

International Journal for Simulation and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization ◽

10.1051/smdo/2020007 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

pp. 12

Author(s):

Dechrit Maneetham ◽

Petrus Sutyasadi

Keyword(s):

Inverted Pendulum ◽

Control Method ◽

Linear Quadratic Regulator ◽

Linear Quadratic ◽

Lqr Control ◽

Lqr Controller ◽

Model Tuning ◽

And Performance ◽

Performance Results ◽

And Control

This research proposes control method to balance and stabilize an inverted pendulum. A robust control was analyzed and adjusted to the model output with real time feedback. The feedback was obtained using state space equation of the feedback controller. A linear quadratic regulator (LQR) model tuning and control was applied to the inverted pendulum using internet of things (IoT). The system's conditions and performance could be monitored and controlled via personal computer (PC) and mobile phone. Finally, the inverted pendulum was able to be controlled using the LQR controller and the IoT communication developed will monitor to check the all conditions and performance results as well as help the inverted pendulum improved various operations of IoT control is discussed.

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