Effects of subliminal affective priming on occupational gender stereotypes

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Yu ◽  
Xun Yang ◽  
Zhongjuan Lu ◽  
Zhimin Yan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Gender Stereotyping ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Affective Priming ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Occupational Gender ◽  
Negative Affective Priming ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

We investigated the effects of subliminal affective priming on implicit and explicit occupational gender stereotypes and their correspondence. First, we manipulated 3 types of affective priming (positive, neutral, and negative) and utilized the Implicit Association Test to find that positively affective priming decreased, and negatively affective priming increased, implicit occupational gender stereotyping at the subliminal level. We then measured participants' explicit occupational gender stereotypes and found that, at the subliminal level, positive affective priming deterred, and negative affective priming enhanced, explicit occupational gender stereotypes. Also, in the condition of subliminal affective priming, implicit and explicit occupational gender stereotypes were not significantly related and affect did not moderate the correspondence between them. In sum, our results showed that affect moderated both implicit and explicit occupational gender stereotypes in the condition of subliminal affective priming, but did not moderate the correspondence between them.

Implicit collective self-esteem: A comparative analysis of Gelao and Han teenagers

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Hongyun Lyu ◽  
Ningjian Liang ◽  
Zhen Guo ◽  
Rogelio Alejo Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Collective Self ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Collective Self Esteem ◽  
The Relationship

In this study we examined the differences in implicit collective self- esteem between Gelao and Han teenagers, using the Implicit Association Test. We also explored the relationship between participants' implicit and explicit collective self-esteem with the Implicit Association Test and the Explicit Collective Self-Esteem Scale. Participants were 169 teenagers residing in Gelao regions in China. The results showed that both Gelao and Han participants had an implicit collective self-esteem effect (i.e., tended to associate their own ethnic group with positive words and the other ethnic group with negative words), and this effect was significantly higher among Gelao than among Han participants. Further, scores on the importance-to-identity subscale of the Explicit Collective Self-Esteem scale were significantly higher in the Gelao versus the Han group. The correlation coefficients between implicit and explicit collective self-esteem for both groups were very low. The significance of the study findings is discussed.

scholarly journals The target/perpetrator brief-implicit association test (B-IAT): an implicit instrument for efficiently measuring discrimination based on race/ethnicity, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, weight, and age

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maddalena Marini ◽  
Pamela D. Waterman ◽  
Emry Breedlove ◽  
Jarvis T. Chen ◽  
Christian Testa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures

Abstract Background To date, research assessing discrimination has employed primarily explicit measures (i.e., self-reports), which can be subject to intentional and social desirability processes. Only a few studies, focusing on sex and race/ethnicity discrimination, have relied on implicit measures (i.e., Implicit Association Test, IAT), which permit assessing mental representations that are outside of conscious control. This study aims to advance measurement of discrimination by extending the application of implicit measures to multiple types of discrimination and optimizing the time required for the administration of these instruments. Methods Between September 27th 2019 and February 9th 2020, we conducted six experiments (984 participants) to assess implicit and explicit discrimination based on race/ethnicity, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, weight, and age. Implicit discrimination was measured by using the Brief-Implicit Association Test (B-IAT), a new validated version of the IAT developed to shorten the time needed (from ≈15 to ≈2 min) to assess implicit mental representations, while explicit discrimination was assessed using self-reported items. Results Among participants (mean age = 37.8), 68.6% were White Non-Hispanic; 69% were females; 76.1% were heterosexual; 90.7% were gender conforming; 52.8% were medium weight; and 41.5% had an advanced level of education. Overall, we found implicit and explicit recognition of discrimination towards all the target groups (stronger for members of the target than dominant groups). Some exceptions emerged in experiments investigating race/ethnicity and weight discrimination. In the racism experiment, only people of Color showed an implicit recognition of discrimination towards the target group, while White people were neutral. In the fatphobia experiment, participants who were not heavy showed a slight implicit recognition of discrimination towards the dominant group, while heavy participants were neutral. Conclusions This study provides evidence that the B-IAT is a valuable tool for quickly assessing multiple types of implicit discrimination. It shows also that implicit and explicit measures can display diverging results, thus indicating that research would benefit from the use of both these instruments. These results have important implications for the assessment of discrimination in health research as well as in social and psychological science.

Proximity and distance goals in adult attachment

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 675-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marieke Dewitte ◽  
Jan De Houwer
Keyword(s):  
Adult Attachment ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Attachment Anxiety ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Attachment Avoidance ◽  
Implicit Motivation ◽  
Motivational Constructs ◽  
Goal Activation ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

We used a variant of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and explicit reports to examine the assumption that attachment anxiety and avoidance are related to proximity and distance goals. Results confirmed that attachment avoidance was associated with a stronger implicit motivation for and positive evaluation of distance goals in attachment relationships. This was found both at the implicit and explicit levels and both in a threat and non‐threat context. Attachment anxiety was associated with proximity goals only when measured explicitly, but not when goal activation was measured implicitly. Our findings highlight the importance of considering both implicit and explicit goal representations when studying motivational processes in the context of attachment, and suggest that the IAT can provide a useful tool for investigating implicit motivational constructs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The Ms. Stereotype Revisited: Implicit and Explicit Facets

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-310
Author(s):  
Kelly A. Malcolmson ◽  
Lisa Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Short Description ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Target Person ◽  
Implicit Measure ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Implicit and explicit stereotypes toward the title Ms. were examined. Participants read a short description of a target person whose title of address varied (Ms., Mrs., Miss, Mr.). They then rated the person on agentic and communal traits and completed an Implicit Association Test. Replicating earlier research ( Dion, 1987 ), at an explicit level, women using the title Ms. were seen as less communal than individuals using the title Mrs. or Mr. and more agentic than individuals using the titles Mrs., Mr., or Miss. This time, however, women using the title Miss were also seen as less communal and more agentic than women using the title Mrs. but not as agentic as women using the title Ms. On the implicit measure, Ms. was relatively more associated with agentic than communal traits compared to Mrs. but not to Miss.

scholarly journals Attitude toward smoking: the effect of negative smoking-related pictures

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
Viktorija Grigaliūnaitė ◽  
Lina Pilelienė
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Negative Stimulus ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Explicit Attitude ◽  
Traditional Marketing ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Research background: Endeavouring to develop healthy societies is a primary goal in many countries. As smoking is a major problem of public health, lowering the extent of smoking is one of the conditions for developing a healthy society. Based on the research revealing that the pairing of the product with negative stimuli enhances the possibility of negative reaction to the product as negative stimulus transfers it’s meaning to the product, tobacco packaging was labelled with negative smoking-related pictures illustrating the danger of smoking. Nevertheless, the extent of smoking is still large in many countries. Hence, the effect of negative smoking-related pictures has been the subject of intense debate within the scientific community.Purpose of the article: The aim of this research is to determine the effect of negative smok-ing-related pictures on the both implicit and explicit attitude toward smoking.Methods: For the purpose of determining the effect of negative smoking-related pictures on the both implicit and explicit attitude toward smoking, Implicit Association Test and ques-tionnaire survey were provided. The questionnaire was elaborated based on the analysis and synthesis of scientific literature.Findings & Value added: The theoretical analysis substantiated the influence of attitude toward the product on consumer purchase decisions. Nevertheless, people do not always want to reveal their opinion, hence traditional marketing research methods for measuring explicit attitude are not sufficient as they are often not objective. Therefore, neuromarketing research methods complement traditional marketing research methods by providing more objectivity. Consequently, the Implicit Association Test and traditional questionnaire research are applied for the empirical research, revealing the effect of negative smoking-related pictures on the both implicit and explicit attitude toward smoking. The recommendations for the usage of negative smoking-related pictures on purpose to influence attitude toward smoking and consumer purchase behaviour are substantiated.

scholarly journals Implicit and Explicit Evaluation of Visual Symmetry as a Function of Art Expertise

i-Perception ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 204166951876146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Weichselbaum ◽  
Helmut Leder ◽  
Ulrich Ansorge
Keyword(s):  
Art History ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Psychology Students ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Evolutionary Adaptation ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Explicit Evaluation ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Different Levels

In perception, humans typically prefer symmetrical over asymmetrical patterns. Yet, little is known about differences in symmetry preferences depending on individuals’ different past histories of actively reflecting upon pictures and patterns. To address this question, we tested the generality of the symmetry preference for different levels of individual art expertise. The preference for symmetrical versus asymmetrical abstract patterns was measured implicitly, by an Implicit Association Test (IAT), and explicitly, by a rating scale asking participants to evaluate pattern beauty. Participants were art history and psychology students. Art expertise was measured using a questionnaire. In the IAT, art expertise did not alter the preference for symmetrical over asymmetrical patterns. In contrast, the explicit rating scale showed that with higher art expertise, the ratings for the beauty of asymmetrical patterns significantly increased, but, again, participants preferred symmetrical over asymmetrical patterns. The results are discussed in light of different theories on the origins of symmetry preference. Evolutionary adaptation might play a role in symmetry preferences for art experts similarly to nonexperts, but experts tend to emphasize the beauty of asymmetrical depictions, eventually considering different criteria, when asked explicitly to indicate their preferences.

scholarly journals An empirical validation of the Quadruple Process Model of implicit attitudes against alternate, theoretically defensible specifications.

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimmy Calanchini ◽  
Jeff Sherman ◽  
Karl Christoph Klauer ◽  
Emilio Ferrer
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Racial Attitudes ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Standard Version ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Best Fit

The Quadruple process (Quad) model is a multinomial processing tree that specifies the joint contribution of four qualitatively distinct cognitive processes to responses on implicit measures. The way in which these processes interact to drive responses was initially specified according to theory, and the construct validity of this specification of the model has been demonstrated across a wide variety of studies. However, there are other theoretically-defensible ways in which these processes might interact. The purpose of the present research was to compare the standard version of the Quad model against alternate specifications in order to determine which model best fits data from the Implicit Association Test. Three different versions of the Quad model were applied to very large samples of real participants’ data across three content domains: racial attitudes, sexual orientation attitudes, and gender stereotypes. The standard model provided best fit for racial attitudes and gender stereotype data. However, other versions of the model provided equivalent fit to sexual orientation attitudes data. Taken together, these analyses indicate that the standard version of the Quad model provides best fit to data from the Implicit Association Test in general, but that alternate specifications may be appropriate for some content domains and participant populations.

scholarly journals (Part of) The Case for a Pragmatic Approach to Validity: Comment on De Houwer, Teige-Mocigemba, Spruyt, and Moors (2009)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Nosek ◽  
Anthony G. Greenwald
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Affective Priming ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Scientific Advancement

In their review of validity of Implicit Association Test and affective priming, De Houwer, Teige-Mocigemba, Spruyt, and Moors (2009) identified validity with establishment of “basic theoretical understanding” of the measures. We agree that theoretical understanding has an important role in making measures more valid and useful. Nevertheless, we conclude that scientific advancement will more often be well served by prioritizing pragmatic goals of establishing the measures’ predictive validity and their adequate sensitivity to individual differences.

scholarly journals A multitrait-multimethod validation of the Implicit Association Test

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Nosek ◽  
Frederick L. Smyth
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Contrast Model ◽  
Total N ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Evaluative Processes ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Recent theoretical and methodological innovations suggest a distinction between automatic and controlled evaluative processes. We report a construct validation investigation of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) as a measure of attitudes. In Study 1, a composite of 57 unique studies (total N=13,165), correlated two-factor (implicit and explicit attitudes) structural models fit the data better than single-factor (attitude) models for each of 57 different domains (e.g., cats-dogs). In Study 2, we distinguished attitude and method factors with a multitrait-multimethod design: N=287 participants were measured on both self-report and IAT for up to seven attitude domains. With systematic method variance accounted for, a correlated two-factor-per-attitude- contrast model was again superior to a single-factor-per-attitude specification. We conclude that these implicit and explicit measures assess related but distinct attitude constructs.

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