Group Laziness: The Effect of Social Loafing on Group Performance

Social loafing has been defined as a phenomenon in which people exhibit a sizable decrease in individual effort when performing in groups as compared to when they perform alone, and has been regarded as a state variable. In this study, we instead conceptualized social loafing as a habitual response, given that many people have been found to be susceptible to social loafing in group tasks. We developed the self-reported Social Loafing Tendency Questionnaire (SLTQ) to measure individual variations in social loafing. In Study 1, the reliability and validity of the SLTQ were established in a sample of college students. In Study 2, SLTQ scores significantly negatively predicted individual performance in the group task condition, but not in the individual task condition. Social loafing can also be considered a trait variable, as it was found to modulate group dynamics when it was activated in a typical situation (i.e., being in a group).

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Locus of control: Upaya untuk menurunkan social loafing

Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi Terapan ◽

10.22219/jipt.v8i1.7846 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 10

Author(s):

M. Arief Sumantri ◽

Iqlima Pratiwi

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Locus Of Control ◽

Prospective Teachers ◽

Group Performance ◽

Individual Performance ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Control Group ◽

Social Loafing ◽

Internal Locus Of Control ◽

Psychological Scale

Abstrak. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif, ditujukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh locus of control, baik secara internal maupun eksternal terhadap social loafing dalam penyelesaian tugas kelompok. Social loafing merupakan fenomena menurunnya performansi (upaya/usaha) individu didalam pengerjaan tugas berbasis kelompok, hal yang tentu saja akan berdampak pada kinerja serta kepuasan kelompok. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan non-probability sampling dengan teknik accidental sampling pada populasi mahasiswa jurusan kependidikan (calon guru), dengan jumlah keseluruhan partisipan sebanyak 147 mahasiswa (45 tryout skala, 102 uji hipotesis). Pengukuran tiap variabel memodifikasi konstruk skala dari penelitian sebelumnya, yang merujuk pada Levenson untuk locus of control dan Latane untuk social loafing. Pengumpulan data menggunakan skala psikologis dalam bentuk kuesioner, kemudian dianalisis menggunakan uji regresi linier untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh locus of control baik secara internal maupun eksternal terhadap sosial loafing. Locus of control internal dalam penelitian ini terbukti mampu menurunkan social loafing (sig. 0,000), dengan Nilai R Square (kontribusi pengaruh) pada tabel koefisien determinasi senilai 0,211 atau sebesar 21,1%, sedangkan Locus of control eksternal tidak memberikan kontribusi pengaruh sama sekali. Kata Kunci: Social Loafing, Locus of control, Tugas KelompokAbstract: This study uses a quantitative approach, intended to determine the effect of locus of control, both internally and externally on social loafing in completing group assignments. Social loafing is a phenomenon of decreasing individual performance (effort) in group-based assignments, thing which of course will have an impact on group performance and satisfaction. Sampling in this study used accidental sampling on population college students of education majors (prospective teachers), with the total number of participants as many as 147 college students (45 scale tests, 102 hypothesis tests). The measurement of each variable modifies the scale construct from previous research, which refers to Levenson for locus of control and Latane for social loafing. Data collection uses a psychological scale in the form of a questionnaire, analyzed using linear regression tests to determine how much influence locus of control both internally and externally on social loafing. Internal locus of control in this study proved to be able to reduce social loafing (sig. 0,000), with R Square Value (influence contribution) in the coefficient of determination table worth 0.211 or 21.1%, while external Locus of control did not contribute influence at all.Keywords: Social Loafing, Locus of control, Group Tasks

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Minimal Detectable Change Scores for the Wolf Motor Function Test

Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair ◽

10.1177/1545968309335975 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 23 (7) ◽

pp. 662-667 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

Stacy L. Fritz ◽

Sarah Blanton ◽

Gitendra Uswatte ◽

Edward Taub ◽

Steven L. Wolf

Keyword(s):

Motor Function ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Minimal Detectable Change ◽

Detectable Change ◽

Performance Time ◽

Function Test ◽

Wolf Motor Function Test ◽

Individual Task ◽

The Individual ◽

Standard Error Of Measurement

Background. The Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) is an impairment-based test whose psychometrics have been examined by previous reliability and validity studies. Standards for evaluating whether a given change is meaningful, however, have not yet been addressed. Objectives. To determine the standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable change (MDC) for the WMFT. Methods. Data were collected from 6 university laboratories that participated in the EXCITE national clinical trial and included 96 individuals with sub-acute stroke (3—9 months). Measurements were made by blinded evaluators who were trained and standardized to administer the WMFT, which was completed on 2 occasions 2 weeks apart. No intervention was given between testing sessions. Results. The WMFT Performance Time score has a SEM of 0.2 seconds and a MDC95 of 0.7 seconds. The individual task timed items MDC 95 ranged from 1.0 second (turn key in lock) to 3.4 seconds (reach and retrieve) with individual task items demonstrating notablly higher variability than the average WMFT Performance Time. The average WMFT Functional Ability Scale SEM and MDC95 is 0.1 points. Conclusions. When assessing the effect of a therapeutic intervention, if an individual experiences an amount of change equal to or greater than the MDC, then one may be 95% confident that this margin of change is truly larger than measurement error and not a chance result. Thus, the determination of SEM and MDC in outcome assessments allows researchers and clinicians to distinguish which results are actual differences versus which results are simply changes resulting from error or chance.

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Development of a German-Language Questionnaire to Measure Collective Orientation as an Individual Attitude

Swiss Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1024/1421-0185/a000198 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 76 (3) ◽

pp. 91-105 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Vera Hagemann

Keyword(s):

Team Performance ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Future Research ◽

German Language ◽

Team Members ◽

Collective Orientation ◽

Team Research ◽

German Speaking ◽

Individual Variables ◽

The Individual

Abstract. The individual attitudes of every single team member are important for team performance. Studies show that each team member’s collective orientation – that is, propensity to work in a collective manner in team settings – enhances the team’s interdependent teamwork. In the German-speaking countries, there was previously no instrument to measure collective orientation. So, I developed and validated a German-language instrument to measure collective orientation. In three studies (N = 1028), I tested the validity of the instrument in terms of its internal structure and relationships with other variables. The results confirm the reliability and validity of the instrument. The instrument also predicts team performance in terms of interdependent teamwork. I discuss differences in established individual variables in team research and the role of collective orientation in teams. In future research, the instrument can be applied to diagnose teamwork deficiencies and evaluate interventions for developing team members’ collective orientation.

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Hierarchical switching in a multi-dimensional task space is not induced by specific task cues

Zeitschrift für Psychologie / Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1026//0044-3409.209.2.105 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 209 (2) ◽

pp. 105-117 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Thomas Kleinsorge ◽

Herbert Heuer ◽

Volker Schmidtke

Keyword(s):

Specific Task ◽

Task Space ◽

Basic Pattern ◽

Task Representation ◽

Switching Mechanism ◽

Factorial Combination ◽

Individual Task ◽

The Individual ◽

The Way

Summary. When participants have to shift between four tasks that result from a factorial combination of the task dimensions judgment (numerical vs. spatial) and mapping (compatible vs. incompatible), a characteristic profile of shift costs can be observed that is suggestive of a hierarchical switching mechanism that operates upon a dimensionally ordered task representation, with judgment on the top and the response on the bottom of the task hierarchy ( Kleinsorge & Heuer, 1999 ). This switching mechanism results in unintentional shifts on lower levels of the task hierarchy whenever a shift on a higher level has to be performed, leading to non-shift costs on the lower levels. We investigated whether this profile depends on the way in which the individual task dimensions are cued. When the cues for the task dimensions were exchanged, the basic pattern of shift costs was replicated with only minor modifications. This indicates that the postulated hierarchical switching mechanism operates independently of the specifics of task cueing.

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Pengaruh Kesesuaian Tugas-Teknologi, Kepercayaan dan Efektivitas Sistem Informasi Akuntansi Terhadap Kinerja Individu pada Pasar Swalayan di Kota Tangerang

Jurnal ULTIMA Accounting ◽

10.31937/akuntansi.v5i2.152 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 62-80

Author(s):

Agnes Ashianti ◽

Albertus Fani

Keyword(s):

Information Systems ◽

Accounting Information ◽

Individual Performance ◽

Primary Data ◽

Accounting Information System ◽

Accounting Information Systems ◽

Study Test ◽

Task Technology Fit ◽

The Individual ◽

Systems Effectiveness

The objective of this research is to examine the effect of task-technology fit, trust of accounting information systems, and effectiveness of accounting information systems on the individual performance at a supermarket in Tangerang city. The samples in this study were employees of a supermarket in Tangerang city who used accounting information system in doing its job. The data used in this study is primary data through questionnaires. In data analysis techniques, this study test the reliability of the formula coefficient of Cronbach 's Alpha, validity test by means of correlation using the r counted and r table, test for normality using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the classical assumption, hypothesis testing multiple linear regression, t test, and F test. The results showed that the task-technology fit and trust of accounting information systems each have a significant effect on the individual performance, while the effectiveness of accounting information systems does not significantly influence the individual performance. Task-technology fit, trust of accounting information systems, and the effectiveness of accounting information systems have simultaneous significant effect on the individual performance. Keyword: Task-Technology Fit, Trust of Accounting Information Systems, Effectiveness of Accounting Information Systems, Individual Performance..

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The Individual Performance of Mobile Travelling App for Chinese Tourist Service

KODISA International Conference on Business and Economics (KODISA.ICBE) ◽

10.35646/kodisa.icbe.2019.7.5.377 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 (7) ◽

pp. 377-383

Author(s):

Xiu-Fu TIAN ◽

Jong-Ho LEE

Keyword(s):

Individual Performance ◽

The Individual ◽

Tourist Service

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Low ventilatory responsiveness to transient hypoxia or breath-holding predicts fast marathon performance in healthy middle-aged and older men

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-89766-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Bartłomiej Paleczny ◽

Rafał Seredyński ◽

Małgorzata Wyciszkiewicz ◽

Adrianna Nowicka-Czudak ◽

Wojciech Łopusiewicz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plasma Renin ◽

Older Men ◽

Individual Performance ◽

Breath Holding ◽

Vasomotor Tone ◽

Younger Men ◽

The Individual ◽

Peripheral Chemoreflex ◽

Sympathetic Vasomotor Tone ◽

Marathon Performance

AbstractThe aim of this study was to test the utility of haemodynamic and autonomic variables (e.g. peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity [PCheS], blood pressure variability [BPV]) for the prediction of individual performance (marathon time and VO2max) in older men. The post-competition vasodilation and sympathetic vasomotor tone predict the marathon performance in younger men, but their prognostic relevance in older men remains unknown. The peripheral chemoreflex restrains exercise-induced vasodilation via sympathetically-mediated mechanism, what makes it a plausible candidate for the individual performance marker. 23 men aged ≥ 50 year competing in the Wroclaw Marathon underwent an evaluation of: resting haemodynamic parameters, PCheS with two methods: transient hypoxia and breath-holding test (BHT), cardiac barosensitivity, heart rate variability (HRV) and BPV, plasma renin and aldosterone, VO2max in a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). All tests were conducted twice: before and after the race, except for transient hypoxia and CPET which were performed once, before the race. Fast marathon performance and high VO2max were correlated with: low ventilatory responsiveness to hypoxia (r = − 0.53, r = 0.67, respectively) and pre-race BHT (r = − 0.47, r = 0.51, respectively), (1) greater SD of beat-to-beat SBP (all p < 0.05). Fast performance was related with an enhanced pre-race vascular response to BHT (r = − 0.59, p = 0.005). The variables found by other studies to predict the marathon performance in younger men: post-competition vasodilation, sympathetic vasomotor tone (LF-BPV) and HRV were not associated with the individual performance in our population. The results suggest that PCheS (ventilatory response) predicts individual performance (marathon time and VO2max) in men aged ≥ 50 yeat. Although cause-effect relationship including the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in restraining the post-competition vasodilation via the sympathetic vasoconstrictor outflow may be hypothesized to underline these findings, the lack of correlation between individual performance and both, the post-competition vasodilation and the sympathetic vasomotor tone argues against such explanation. Vascular responsiveness to breath-holding appears to be of certain value for predicting individual performance in this population, however.

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Peer Effects on Individual Performance in a Team Sport

Journal of Sports Economics ◽

10.1177/15270025211000389 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 152700252110003

Author(s):

Mariia Molodchik ◽

Sofiia Paklina ◽

Petr Parshakov

Keyword(s):

Video Game ◽

Peer Effects ◽

Team Sport ◽

Individual Performance ◽

Team Cohesion ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Marginal Benefit ◽

The Individual

The paper investigates the variety of peer effects on individual performance in a team sport. The individual performance of more than 5,000 soccer players, from 234 teams, between 2010 and 2015, is measured with the help of the FIFA video game simulator developed by EA Sports. The study reveals positive peer effects on individual performance although the marginal benefit decreases. Additionally, team cohesion contributes to an improvement of players’ ranking.

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Validation of the Chinese Version of the Multidimensional Workaholism Scale

Journal of Career Assessment ◽

10.1177/1069072721994272 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 106907272199427

Author(s):

Yan Xu ◽

Chaoping Li

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Well Being ◽

Chinese Version ◽

Full Time ◽

Work Family Conflict ◽

Working Adults ◽

Work Family ◽

The Individual ◽

Two Stages

The aim of this study was to translate the Multidimensional Workaholism Scale (MWS) into Chinese and then test its reliability and validity among full-time Chinese employees in two stages. In Study 1 ( N = 220), the MWS was translated and exploratory factor analysis was conducted resulting in a four-factor solution consistent with the original MWS: motivational, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral. In Study 2 ( N = 425), confirmatory factor analysis showed that a four-factor, bifactor model was the best fit for the data. Configural, metric, and scalar invariance models were tested which demonstrated that the Chinese version of the MWS did not differ across gender, age, and job position groups. Finally, workaholism and engagement were related and distinct from one another, and they correlated with emotional exhaustion, work-family conflict and life well-being uniquely. This study indicated that the Chinese version of the MWS is a valid and reliable tool for Chinese employees, and this has important practical implications for the individual health and career development of Chinese working adults.

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