scholarly journals Typology and performance of inter-organizational relationships among Ghanaian farmers

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Abigail Ampomah Adaku ◽  
Vincent Amanor-Boadu
Keyword(s):  
Relative Effect ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Organizational Relationships ◽  
And Performance

This study explored inter-organizational relationships (IOR) between farmers and agri-food processors in Ghana and their relative effect on participating farmers’ performance. The IOR were organized into three broad types: governance (formal/informal); orientation (price/quality/quantity); and structure (direct-to-buyer/farmer-based organization (FBO)/agent). The study showed that about 44% of farmers participated in IOR, and 72% of them use direct-to-buyer relationships compared to 25% and 5% who use FBO and agent. The total exceeds 100% because some farmers used multiple IOR structures. Likewise, more than half of farmers involved in IOR use multiple orientations, with 29%, 81% and 54% of them using orientations involving quantity, quality, and price specifications, respectively. Formal governance IOR accounted for 31% of IOR by governance. On performance, the average farm income of farmers involved in IOR was GHS 3,947, which was 3.1 times higher than non-IOR farmers, and those with formal arrangements had 6.4 times higher average farm income than farmers in informal relationships. IOR with formal governance and quality-price orientation presented positive and statistically significant effects on marginal benefits while producer demographic and socio-economic characteristics did not. These results provide instruction for policymakers and practitioners in helping inform farmers’ participation in IOR that produce superior outcomes.

Information Technology Governance: Reflections on the Past and Future Directions

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla L. Wilkin ◽  
Robert H. Chenhall
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Organizational Capability ◽  
Organizational Relationships ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Technology Governance ◽  
Information Technology Governance ◽  
Organizational Perspective ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Role Of It

ABSTRACT This study investigates the extant literature concerned with Information Technology Governance (ITG), published in leading accounting and management information systems journals, in the period 2005 to 2017. While recent research into ITG has taken a more holistic organizational perspective, the essence remains people, product, processes, and performance. Our review reveals ITG's increasingly dual role in improving organizational capability and performance, as well as controlling and monitoring outcomes. Findings show that ITG is concerned with both governing of IT and governing through IT, presaging a more defined connection between ITG's five focus areas and Corporate Governance. Other new themes include ITG's role in improving outcomes in intra- and inter-organizational relationships, embryonic efforts to distill a theory of ITG, and emerging scenarios where the evolving role of IT in business activities is creating profound organizational implications and consequently new avenues for ITG.

Fostering incremental and radical innovation through performance-based contracting in buyer-supplier relationships

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 1482-1503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regien Sumo ◽  
Wendy van der Valk ◽  
Arjan van Weele ◽  
Christoph Bode
Keyword(s):  
Pay For Performance ◽  
Transaction Cost Economics ◽  
Radical Innovation ◽  
Incremental Innovation ◽  
Organizational Relationships ◽  
Supplier Relationships ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Purpose While anecdotal evidence suggests that performance-based contracts (PBCs) may foster innovation in buyer-supplier relationships, the understanding of the underlying mechanisms is limited to date. The purpose of this paper is to draw on transaction cost economics and agency theory to develop a theoretical model that explains how PBCs may lead to innovation. Design/methodology/approach Using data on 106 inter-organizational relationships from the Dutch maintenance industry, the authors investigate how the two main features of PBCs – low-term specificity and performance-based rewards – affect incremental and radical innovation. Findings The authors find that term specificity has an inverse-U-shaped effect on incremental innovation and a non-significant negative effect on radical innovation. Furthermore, pay-for-performance has a stronger positive effect on radical innovation than on incremental innovation. The findings suggest that in pursuit of incremental innovation, organizations should draft contracts with low, but not too low, term specificity and incorporate performance-based rewards. Radical innovation may be achieved by rewarding suppliers for their performance only. Originality/value The findings suggest that in pursuit of incremental innovation, organizations should draft contracts with low, but not too low, term specificity and incorporate performance-based rewards. Radical innovation requires rewarding suppliers for their performance only.

scholarly journals Factors affecting the effect of exploitation and exploration on performance: A meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 234094442097270
Author(s):  
Diego Armando Marín-Idárraga ◽  
José Manuel Hurtado González ◽  
Carmen Cabello Medina
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Organizational Relationships ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Moderating Factors ◽  
Exploitation And Exploration ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Contingency View ◽  
The Impact

From a contingency view, we aim to contribute to a better understanding of how exploitation and exploration influence performance. By conducting a meta-analysis, we aim to answer the following research question: How do substantive moderators (slack resources, organizational structure, inter-organizational relationships, competitive intensity, and environmental dynamism), extrinsic moderators (region, size, and sector) and methodological moderators (data sources and performance measurement) affect the impact of exploitation and exploration on performance? The results of the meta-analysis, including 328 correlations, 102 studies, and a sample of 41,298 cases, suggest that the influence of exploitation and exploration on performance depends on the presence of the moderating factors included in our analysis. Furthermore, some of these factors are relevant for explaining a better performance of exploitation versus exploration, while other moderators do not determine a different effect of exploitation and exploration on performance. JEL CLASSIFICATION M10; M19; O3

scholarly journals Economic results of Croatian farms

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
Vesna Očić ◽  
Branka Šakić Bobić ◽  
Mario Njavro
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Farm Accountancy Data Network ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact

The objective of the paper is to provide an overview of the situation and performance of Croatian farms. Croatian farmers rarely keep business books and therefore farm level business data are deficient. Croatian accession to the European Union in 2013 brought numerous innovations to agricultural sector. One is introduction of Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) which aims to determine the impact of the Common Agricultural Policy on national agriculture of EU member states. The sample of Croatian FADN comprises 1,250 commercial farms. The paper brings results of agricultural sector financial analysis for the period 2011-2013. Total farm output decreased, but since the stronger decrease trend occurred in total inputs, this led to positive trend of gross and net farm income in the year 2013. Positive results are also shown at efficiency and productivity of Croatian farms. In the years 2011 and 2012 farms operated below the efficiency level while in 2013 efficiency increased above the efficiency level. In the observed period there was a 70% increase in productivity. The analysis shows that the most efficient farms are those in vegetables and flowers type. It also has the highest debt ratio due to their capital intensiveness. The vegetable and floriculture farms have the largest gross farm income in all three analysed years, but with a large drop in 2013, while the farms in type pigs and poultry have largest increase of gross farm income in last observed year.

scholarly journals Evaluating Farm Management Performance by the Choice of Pest-Control Sprayers in Rice Farming in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2618
Author(s):  
Yuna Seo ◽  
Shotaro Umeda
Keyword(s):  
Pest Control ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Working Capacity ◽  
Control Cost ◽  
Management Efficiency ◽  
Smart Agriculture ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Using Data

With rapidly advancing technologies such as IoT, AI, robotics, and others, smart agriculture in Japan has been introduced and tested throughout the country. The validity of the implementation of smart agriculture could be measured by using cost analysis, working capacity assessment, and management efficiency analysis. In this study, we focused on pest-control management, wherein unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for crop spraying have been recently introduced. In order to clarify the validity of UAVs for rice fields in Japan regarding costs and performance, we conducted a comparative study of pest-control sprayers, specifically: (1) tractor- mounted boom sprayers, (2) remote-control spraying helicopters (RC helicopters), and (3) UAVs. We estimated pest-control costs and the working capacity of each method. We also evaluated the management efficiency of 21 case scenarios of different pest-control sprayers and field areas ranging from 0.5 to 30 ha using data envelopment analysis (DEA) based on an input-oriented model. We used the input of pest-control cost and the output of gross farm income and surplus working capacity. Pest-control costs per unit area of boom sprayers, RC helicopters, and UAVs were approximately 925,597 yen/ha (US $8819/ha), 6,924,455 yen/ha (US $65,975/ha), and 791,724 yen/ha (US $7543/ha), respectively. The working capacity during pest-control scheduled days was 120, 195, and 135 ha, respectively. DEA results suggested that UAVs would be more efficient than boom sprayers and RC helicopters for the analyzed cases. UAVs for crop spraying showed relatively low cost and high management efficiency compared to the boom sprayers and RC helicopters; hence UAVs could be a suitable replacement to save cost and time.

Knowledge, practice and effectiveness of contraception in Belgium

1972 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Cliquet
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Relative Effect ◽  
Oral Contraception ◽  
Contraceptive Methods ◽  
Performance Variables ◽  
Sources Of Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Practice ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Contraceptive Practice

An investigation has been undertaken, within the framework of the 1966 national survey, of the knowledge, practice and effectiveness of contraception in Belgium. The basic findings are presented here.Knowledge of contraceptive methods was rather slight. With the exception of oral contraception, it was the reproductively least effective and sexually most disturbing methods which were best known. Also, the data on the sources of knowledge of contraceptive methods showed a discrepancy between reality and what was considered desirable. Although contraceptive practice was very widespread, a great many of the women questioned felt inhibited about this problem. In general, a restricted number of methods was used and a large majority of the users exclusively practised non-appliance methods. According to shifts in use, a scale of relative acceptability of methods has been prepared.On the basis of information for a subsample, the majority of the conceptions appeared to be unplanned and this phenomenon increased with parity.The contraception data have been related to a limited number of sociocultural identification and performance variables, some of which are of considerable sociobiological importance. The relative effect of these variables on contraceptive behaviour has been examined. Interaction between several of them has been demonstrated.The qualitative analysis of the questionnaires not only allowed answers to be checked and interpreted but also largely confirmed the statistical findings.

Effects of Tai Chi on a Functional Arm Reaching Task in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rini Varghese ◽  
Christina W.Y. Hui-Chan ◽  
Tanvi Bhatt
Keyword(s):  
Tai Chi ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Relative Effect ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Performance Outcome ◽  
Reaching Task ◽  
Young Subjects ◽  
And Performance

This study quantified the effect of aging and the long-term practice of Tai Chi on upper limb movement control, indicated by performance outcome (temporal) and performance production (amplitude) measures, on a multiplanar stand-reaching (i.e., functional) task. Twelve Tai Chi practitioners (TCPs), 11 age-matched older nonpractitioners (ONPs), and 12 young subjects performed cued, flexion-reaching, and abduction-reaching tasks using a custom set-up. Surface EMG and acceleration data sampled from wireless sensors rendered performance outcome (reaction time, burst duration, time to peak, and movement time) and performance production (normalized EMG amplitude and peak acceleration) measures. Young subjects and TCPs demonstrated better performance outcome and performance production than ONPs. Relative-effect computations (i.e., the effect of Tai Chi expressed as a percentage of the effect of aging) showed that TCPs exhibited approximately 20–60% (flexion) and 20–100% (abduction) improvement in reaching task performance compared with ONPs. Tai Chi practitioners displayed better arm movement control than ONPs on a relatively challenging and functional stand-reaching task.

scholarly journals Review on supply chain network metrics

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 173-206
Author(s):  
Sajad Kazemi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Supply Chain Network ◽  
Organizational Relationships ◽  
Supply Chain Networks ◽  
Relational Properties ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Network Metrics ◽  
Network Analysis Metrics

Recent studies focused on the importance of adopting network analysis approaches such as social network analysis in the supply chain networks to better understand and manage the roles of organizations in inter-organizational relationships. The main aim of this research is to identify and integrate network analysis metrics in the existent literature in this realm which is applicable to characterize the position and role of organizations in the supply chain network context and their impact on the behavior and outcomes of organizations and the whole supply chain network. To this aim, we followed a systematic literature review process using Scopus database to identify high-quality papers through several screening stages. Our findings illustrate that there are two main sources of interfirm differences including atomistic properties and relational properties. With an emphasis on relational properties through the lens of network analysis metrics, we integrated influential characteristics on actor’s behavior and performance into three main categories of node level, tie level, and network level. Our findings are applicable to address any emergent phenomenon and the roles of actors based on their position in the network context such as supply chain network and study their behavior and performance.

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