Gross Anatomy and Vascularization of the Brain of Pacarana (Dinomys branickii)

Background: The pacarana lives in South America and has herbivorous and nocturnal habits. It is a rare species with scarce data concerning its morphology and adding more data is important in establishing its vulnerability. The aim was to describe its macroscopic brain anatomy, as well as the brain vascularization.Materials, Methods & Results: Two specimens were available for this study, that were donated post-mortem. The animals were injected with latex and fixed with 10% formaldehyde. Upon exposure and removal of the brain its main features were described. The rhinal fissure is single and the lateral sulcus arises from its caudal part. There are two sagittal sulci, an extensive medial sulcus and a short lateral sulcus. The piriform lobe is vermiform and the rostral part is smaller. The caudal colliculus is larger than the rostral colliculus and they are separated by a sulcus. The cerebellum has oval shape and the flocculus lobe is not conspicuous. The cerebral arterial circle was analyzed and described. The brain is supplied by the vertebrobasilar system only. The cerebral arterial circle is formed by the terminal branch of the basilar artery, the caudal communicating artery, the rostral cerebral artery and the rostral communicating artery. The caudal and middle cerebellar arteries are branches of the basilar artery. The terminal branch of the basilar artery originates the rostral cerebellar artery and the caudal cerebral artery. From the end of the caudal communicating artery and the beginning of the rostral cerebral artery arises the middle cerebral artery.Discussion: The cerebral structures related to sensory inputs reflect the species usage of senses, or rather one is intrinsically correlated to the other. The caudal colliculus is larger than the rostral colliculus, as the former is related to hearing and the latter to the vision, this indicates that the visual sense is not so important. Indeed, the animals are nocturnal and have small eyes. The hearing on the other hand is used in social interactions, to indicate combat, threat and defensive situations, for example. The rhinencephalon has the most conspicuous external sensory structures and the animals use olfaction for social behaviors, even producing a gland exudate to mark territory. Most brain features are similar with other species in the infraorder Caviomorpha. The brain of the pacarana resembles the brains of the Patagonian mara, capybara and guinea pig. The common porcupine presents a different shape to the brain. The guinea pig and the common porcupine are lissencephalic. The animals that present sulci in the brain, follow this order from more to less girencephalic: capybara, mara and pacarana. The rhinal fissure is important because it delimits the rhinencephalon and it is present in all the animals mentioned above. In the mara, the colliculi are exposed in dorsal and lateral views, however, this does not happen for the pacarana. The cerebellum is similar in these species, but the flocculus is more pronounced in the guinea pig. The brain of Caviomorpha species is supplied only by the vertebrobasilar system in most species analyzed, as in the capybara, guinea pig, coypus, mara, chinchilla, degu and in pacarana, where the absence of the carotid artery was observed. In some species the rostral cerebral artery anastomosis in a single branch that runs towards the corpus callosum (degu, capybara, chinchilla and coypus), but in the pacarana the rostral cerebral artery is present in both left and right sides, then branching towards the corpus callosum and the splenial sulcus. In summary, the pacarana presents brain features similar to other Caviomorpha, with some specific species variation.

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Systematization of the Brain Base Arteries in Nutria (Myocastor coypus)

Acta Scientiae Veterinariae ◽

10.22456/1679-9216.86775 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 9

Author(s):

Rodrigo Cavalcanti De Azambuja ◽

Laura Ver Goltz ◽

Rui Campos

Keyword(s):

Carotid Artery ◽

Cerebral Artery ◽

Basilar Artery ◽

Internal Carotid ◽

Terminal Branch ◽

Medial Branch ◽

Myocastor Coypus ◽

Collateral Branch ◽

Cerebellar Artery ◽

The Brain

Background: The nutria (Myocastor coypus) is a medium-size, semi-aquatic rodent, valued in skin and meat industry. The brain circulation has been well studied in rodents but not in nutria. To understand and compare the phylogenetic development of the arteries of the base of the brain in rodents, this paper aims to describe and systematize these arteries, establishing a standard model and its main variations in nutria.Materials, Methods & Results: Following approval by the Ethics Committee of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, thirty nutrias from a commercial establishment authorized by Brazilian Institute of Environment and Natural Resources (IBAMA) were studied. For euthanasia, was applied heparin (10000 U.I for animal), intraperitoneally, and after thirty minutes the animals ware sedated with acepromazine (0.5 mg/kg) and meperidine (20 mg/kg), intramuscularly. After sedation, they were euthanized with thiopental sodium (120 mg/kg) and lidocaine (10 mg/mL), intraperitoneally. The heart was accessed, the cardiac apex was sectioned, the aorta was cannulated via the left ventricle and clamped close to the diaphragm, and the arterial system was washed with saline solution and filled with latex. The animals were submerged in water for latex polymerization, the trunk was sectioned, the skin removed and a bony window was opened in the skull vault. The pieces were fixed in formaldehyde. The brains were removed, and schematic drawings of the arteries from the base of the brain were made for elaboration of the results. The nutria’s brain was vascularized by the vertebro-basilar system. The terminal branches of the right and left vertebral artery were anastomosed on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata, forming the basilar artery, and caudally the ventral spinal artery. The basilar artery formed collateral branches, the caudal and middle cerebellar and trigeminal arteries, and at the height of the rostral pons groove, divided into its two terminal branches, the rostral cerebellar and cerebral caudal arteries. The terminal branches of the basilar artery projected rostrally, forming the hypophyseal and rostral choroid arteries. The basilar artery passed the optic tract and bifurcated in the middle cerebral artery, its last collateral branch, and in the rostral cerebral artery, its terminal branch. The rostral cerebral artery formed the medial branch, closing the cerebral arterial circle caudally in 40% of the cases.Discussion: In rodents, variability of the cerebral arterial circle was observed due to the degree of atrophy of the internal carotid artery. The basilar artery was a rectilinear vessel of great caliber in all described rodents, and in rodents with a vertebro-basilar system, it was divided into its terminal branches after crossing the pons, forming the rostral cerebellar, hypophyseal, rostral choroid, caudal, middle and rostral cerebral arteries. The caudal cerebellar artery had variation of origin and sometimes duplication. The median cerebellar artery, a collateral branch of the caudal cerebellar artery, was a branch of the basilar artery in capybara. The caudal cerebral artery had variations between rodents. In capybara, chinchilla and nutria the middle cerebral artery was the collateral branch of the terminal branches of the basilar artery, and distributed on the convex surface of the cerebral hemisphere. The rostral cerebral artery, a branch of the terminal branch of the basilar artery, was a branch of the internal carotid artery in other rodents, forming the medial branch, which was anastomosed with that of the opposite antimer, when present, forming the rostral communicating artery. In nutria, the cerebral arterial circle was closed caudally in all cases, as in other rodents, however, it was opened rostrally in 60% of cases, compared to 70% in chinchilla and 10% in capybara.

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Systematization, distribution, and territories of the caudal cerebral artery on the surface of the brain in nutria (Myocastor coypus)

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6437 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 40 (6) ◽

pp. 484-492

Author(s):

Laura V. Goltz ◽

Rodrigo C. Azambuja ◽

Rui Campos

Keyword(s):

Cerebral Artery ◽

Basilar Artery ◽

Cerebral Arteries ◽

Terminal Branch ◽

Meat Industry ◽

Myocastor Coypus ◽

Middle Cerebral Arteries ◽

The Right ◽

Choroidal Artery ◽

The Brain

ABSTRACT: The nutria (Myocastor coypus) is a medium-sized, semi-aquatic rodent valued by the skin and meat industry. This study aimed to describe and systematize the caudal cerebral artery on the brain surface in nutria, establishing a standard model and its main variations in this species. The thirty animals used were euthanized according to animal welfare rules. The vessels were filled with latex stained with red pigment and the samples were fixed in formaldehyde. In nutria, the brain was vascularized by the vertebral basilar system. The terminal branches of the basilar artery originated the rostral cerebellar, caudal cerebral, rostral choroidal and middle cerebral arteries, and its terminal branch, the rostral cerebral artery. The terminal branch of the basilar artery projected the caudal cerebral artery, which is usually a single medium-caliber vessel, into the transverse fissure of the brain. The caudal cerebral artery was presented as a single (66.7% of the cases to the right and 76.7% to the left) and double vessel (33.3% of the cases to the right and 23.3% to the left). It originated the rostral mesencephalic artery, the proximal component, and the caudal inter-hemispheric artery. The terminal branches of the rostral and caudal tectal mesencephalic arteries formed a typical anastomotic network. The caudal inter-hemispheric artery emitted central branches, the caudal choroidal artery, hemispherical occipital arteries, rostral tectal mesencephalic branches and distal components, and anastomosed “in osculum” with the terminal branches of the rostral inter-hemispheric artery. The caudal choroidal artery anastomosed with the rostral choroidal artery, where it branched out on the thalamic mass, vascularizing all diencephalic structures and the hippocampus. The caudal cerebral artery and its terminal branches anastomosed with the terminal branches of the rostral and middle cerebral arteries in a restricted region of the caudal pole of the cerebral hemisphere. The vascularization area of the caudal cerebral artery and its central branches in the paleopallial of the piriform lobe is extremely restricted, caudomedially.

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Arterial vascularization of the brain of the agouti (Dasyprocta aguti Linnaeus, 1766)

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n2p773 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 773-784 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Roberto Sávio Bessa da Silva ◽

◽

Gleidson Benevides de Oliveira ◽

Carlos Magno Oliveira Junior ◽

Ferdinando Vinicius Fernandes Bezerra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carotid Artery ◽

Cerebral Artery ◽

Basilar Artery ◽

Cerebral Arteries ◽

Ventral Surface ◽

Terminal Branch ◽

Medial Branch ◽

Communicating Branch ◽

Arterial Vascularization ◽

The Brain

The agouti, a rodent that is geographically distributed throughout South America, is greatly valued for its meat. This paper describes the arterial vascularization of the base of the agouti’s brain, characterizing behavior, and arterial origin and distribution. Ten animals from the Center for the Multiplication of Wild Animals (CEMAS/UFERSA) were used and the study was approved by SISBIO (report number 32413- 1) and the Ethics Committee on Animal Use (CEUA/UFERSA) (protocol 02/2010). After euthanasia, the animals were incised in the thoracic cavity by an injection of red-stained Neoprene latex 650 and the skulls were subsequently opened. The brains were extracted from the skulls for ventral surface analysis and then fixed in an aqueous 10% formaldehyde solution. The agouti’s arterial vascularization of the brain has two main components, namely the carotid and vertebrobasilar systems. The agouti’s carotid system accounts for vascularization of almost the entire forebrain, while the vertebrobasilar system accounts for vascularization of almost the entire posterior brain (medulla oblongata, pyramid, trapezoid body, cerebellum, bridge, and part of the third caudal section of the forebrain) through the caudal cerebral arteries originating from the terminal branches of the basilar artery. The main arteries on the brain surface include the basilar artery, which is unique, and the arterial pairs, specifically the vertebral arteries, cerebellar caudal arteries, trigeminal artery, rostral cerebellar artery, basilar terminal branch artery, cerebral caudal artery, communicating caudal branch of the cerebral carotid artery, cerebral carotid artery, communicating branch rostral cerebral carotid artery, choroidal rostral artery, medial branch of the communicating branch rostral artery, internal ophthalmic artery, middle cerebral artery, and rostral cerebral artery.

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The Dioptrique

10.1093/oso/9780198791713.003.0004 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Walter Ott

Keyword(s):

Sensory Experience ◽

The Other ◽

Brain Image ◽

Brain Motion ◽

Natural Geometry ◽

The Common ◽

The Brain

Descartes’s treatment of perception in the Optics, though published before the Meditations, contains a distinct account of sensory experience. The end of the chapter suggests some reasons for this oddity, but that the two accounts are distinct is difficult to deny. Descartes in the present work topples the brain image from its throne. In its place, we have two mechanisms, one purely causal, the other inferential. Where the proper sensibles are concerned, the ordination of nature suffices to explain why a given sensation is triggered on the occasion of a given brain motion. The same is true with regard to the common sensibles. But on top of this purely causal story, Descartes re-introduces his doctrine of natural geometry.

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NEUROECONOMICS, NEUROPHYSIOLOGY AND THE COMMON CURRENCY HYPOTHESIS

Economics and Philosophy ◽

10.1017/s0266267108002058 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 419-429 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Anthony Landreth ◽

John Bickle

Keyword(s):

Rational Choice ◽

Dopamine Release ◽

Research Programme ◽

Neural Mechanism ◽

The Other ◽

Common Currency ◽

The Common ◽

The Brain ◽

Electrophysiological Methods

We briefly describe ways in which neuroeconomics has made contributions to its contributing disciplines, especially neuroscience, and a specific way in which it could make future contributions to both. The contributions of a scientific research programme can be categorized in terms of (1) description and classification of phenomena, (2) the discovery of causal relationships among those phenomena, and (3) the development of tools to facilitate (1) and (2). We consider ways in which neuroeconomics has advanced neuroscience and economics along each line. Then, focusing on electrophysiological methods, we consider a puzzle within neuroeconomics whose solution we believe could facilitate contributions to both neuroscience and economics, in line with category (2). This puzzle concerns how the brain assigns reward values to otherwise incomparable stimuli. According to the common currency hypothesis, dopamine release is a component of a neural mechanism that solves comparability problems. We review two versions of the common currency hypothesis, one proposed by Read Montague and colleagues, the other by William Newsome and colleagues, and fit these hypotheses into considerations of rational choice.

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Vertebrobasilar Contribution to Cerebral Arterial System of Dromedary Camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Frontiers in Veterinary Science ◽

10.3389/fvets.2021.696707 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Ahmad Al Aiyan ◽

Preetha Menon ◽

Adnan AlDarwich ◽

Moneeb Qablan ◽

Maha Hammoud ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Basilar Artery ◽

Doppler Ultrasonography ◽

Internal Carotid ◽

Color Doppler ◽

Arterial System ◽

Vertebrobasilar System ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Polyurethane Resin ◽

Basilar Arteries ◽

The Brain

It is hypothesized that in the “more highly evolved” mammals, including the domesticated mammals, that the brainstem and the cerebellum receive arterial blood through the vertebrobasilar system whilst the internal carotid arteries primarily supply the forebrain. In camels, the arterial blood supply to the brain differs from that of ruminants since the internal carotid artery and the rostral epidural rete mirabile (RERM) are both present and the basilar artery contributes a significant proportion of cerebral afferent blood. In this study, we described the anatomical distribution of the vertebrobasilar system arterial supply in the dromedary. Secondly, we determined the direction of blood flow within the vertebral and basilar arteries using transcranial color doppler ultrasonography. Thirdly, we quantified the percentage arterial contributions of the carotid and vertebrobasilar systems to the dromedary brain. Fifty-five heads of freshly slaughtered male Omani dromedaries aged 2–6 years were dissected to determine the distribution and topography of the arterial distribution to the brain. Their anatomical orientation was assessed by casting techniques using epoxy resin, polyurethane resin and latex neoprene. The epoxy resin and polyurethane resin casts of the head and neck arteries were used to measure the diameter of vertebrobasilar arterial system and carotid arterial system at pre-determined locations. These arterial diameters were used to calculate the percentage of blood supplied by each arterial system. The vertebrobasilar system in dromedary camels consists of paired vertebral arteries that contribute to the ventral spinal artery and basilar artery at multiple locations. In most specimens the vertebral artery was the primary contributor to the basilar artery compared to that of the ventral spinal artery. In four specimens the ventral spinal arteries appear to be the dominant contributor to the basilar artery. Transcranial color doppler ultrasonography confirmed that the direction of blood flow within the vertebral and basilar arteries was toward the brain in animals examined in ventral recumbency and when standing. The vertebrobasilar system contributes 34% of the blood supply to the brain. The vertebrobasilar system is the exclusive supply to the medulla oblongata, pons and cerebellum.

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CORTICAL BRANCHES OF THE MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY IN EUROPEAN BADGER (Meles meles)

Slovenian Veterinary Research ◽

10.26873/svr-549-2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 57 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Benedykt Skoczylas ◽

Witold Brudnicki ◽

Krzysztof Kirkiłło-Stacewicz ◽

Włodzimierz Nowicki ◽

Jan Wach

Keyword(s):

Middle Cerebral Artery ◽

Cerebral Artery ◽

Meles Meles ◽

The Other ◽

Cerebral Hemispheres ◽

Common Trunk ◽

Main Trunk ◽

European Badger ◽

The Brain ◽

Independent Branch

The pattern and variation of the cortical branches of the middle cerebral artery in European badger were studied for 64 cerebral hemispheres. It was found that the artery bifurcates into splits into ten permanent branches. Two olfactory arteries supply the area of the brain situated on the border between the old and the new cortex. The other eight branches get divided into three branches heading for the frontal region, two branches – to the parietal region and three temporal branches which supply only the new cortex. The frontal, parietal and temporal branches descended independently from the main trunk of the middle cerebral artery or formed a common trunk first. Common trunks for respective groups of branches have been described as the rostral, dorsal and caudal middle cerebral artery. The rostral olfactory artery in 6.3% of the cases investigated was an independent branch from the rostral cerebral artery.Key words: arteries; brain; European badgerKORTIKALNE VEJE SREDNJE MOŽGANSKE ARTERIJE PRI EVROPSKEM JAZBECU (Meles meles)Povzetek: Vzorec in razlike v razvejanosti kortikalnih vej srednje možganske arterije smo preučevali v 64 možganskih poloblah evropskega jazbeca. Ugotovili smo, da se glavna arterija razdeli na deset vedno prisotnih vej. Dve vohalni arteriji oskrbujeta območje možganov, ki se nahaja na meji med področjem neokorteksa in starejšega dela skorje možgan. Preostalih osem vej se deli na tri veje, ki se usmerijo v čelno področje, dve veji usmerjeni v parietalno področje in tri senčnične veje, ki oskrbujejo področje neokorteksa. Čelne, parietalne in temporalne veje se spustijo neodvisno od glavnega debla srednje možganske arterije, ali pa najprej oblikujejo skupno deblo. Običajna debla za posamezne skupine vej so opisana kot rostralna, dorzalna in kavdalna srednja možganska arterija. Rostralna vohalna arterija je bila v 6,3 odstotkih preiskovanih primerov neodvisna od rostralne možganske arterije.Ključne besede: arterije; možgani; evropski jazbec

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Impact of gender and age on inner diameter of arteries forming circle of Willis assessed by multidetector CT

Journal of Brain and Spine Foundation Nepal ◽

10.3126/jbsfn.v2i1.39016 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 37-41

Author(s):

Prakash Sharma ◽

Subita Lalchan ◽

Subhash KC ◽

Merina Gyawali ◽

Niraj Kushwaha

Keyword(s):

Cerebral Artery ◽

Basilar Artery ◽

Multidetector Ct ◽

Circle Of Willis ◽

Anterior Communicating Artery ◽

Internal Diameter ◽

Age Group ◽

Technical Standards ◽

Intracranial Arteries ◽

The Brain

Introduction: The circle of Willis (CoW), which is located at the base of the brain is the most important anastomosis between the internal carotid and vertebral system. It is the main distributor of blood to the brain. Methods: CT head and CT angiography were performed using standard scan parameters. Only the tests with normal radiological reports and appropriate technical standards were included in the study. Component of circle of Willis: Anterior cerebral artery (ACA), Middle cerebral artery (MCA), Anterior communicating artery (Acom), Posterior Communicating artery (PCom), Basilar artery (BA) and Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) were identified and their internal diameter were measured. Results: Basilar artery was the artery with largest internal diameter with mean diameter of 2.5 ±0.52 mm. Men had significantly larger arterial sizes than women in all of the intracranial arteries examined except right PCom, Left PCom and right MCA. Right ACA had significantly larger internal diameter in <40 years’ age group. BA, left PCA, Bilateral PCom and MCA showed larger diameter in age group ≥40 years. Conclusion: Men had significantly larger arterial sizes than women in all of the intracranial arteries examined except right PCom, Left PCom and right MCA.

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Anatomic study of the arterial vascularization of the brain base of paca (Cuniculus paca)

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6513 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 40 (9) ◽

pp. 733-737

Author(s):

Tais H.C. Sasahara ◽

Vitória F.N.P. Fontes ◽

Débora O. Garcia ◽

Daniel W. Rocha ◽

Fabrício S. Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carotid Artery ◽

Basilar Artery ◽

Cerebral Arteries ◽

Optic Tract ◽

Optic Chiasm ◽

Arterial System ◽

Medial Branch ◽

Vertebrobasilar System ◽

The Right ◽

The Brain

ABSTRACT: Paca (Cuniculus paca Linnaeus, 1766), rodent belong to the Cuniculidae family, has encouraged numerous scientific researches and for this reason could be an experimental model in both human and veterinary areas. And recently, the economic exploitation of the meat cuts, has being direct implication in its zootechnical importance. However, no anatomical descriptions regarding the vascularization of the base of the brain in this rodent has being found. Thus, the aim of the present study was to describe the arteries and the pattern of the vasculature and to compare it with the other species already established in the literature. For this, five pacas, donated by the Unesp Jaboticabal Wildlife Sector, were euthanized followed by the vascular arterial system was injected with red-stained-centrifuged latex by the common carotid artery. After craniectomy, the brains were removed and the arteries were identified and, in addition, compared with those described in other animal species. The presence of the right and left vertebral arteries, close to the medulla oblongata, was detected, originating the basilar artery, which divided into the terminal branches of the right and left basilar artery. Ventral to the optic tract there was the right internal carotid artery and the left, dividing the middle cerebral artery and left rostral and right; dorsal to the optic chiasm, the medial branch of the rostral cerebral arteries was identified. Based on the results, it is concluded that the vascularization of the paca brain base is supplied by the carotid and vertebrobasilar system.

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Vascularization of the Alouatta belzebul brain base

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6536 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 315-323

Author(s):

Dayane Kelly Sabec-Pereira ◽

Fabiano C. Lima ◽

Fabiano R. Melo ◽

Fabiana Cristina S.A. Melo ◽

Kleber Fernando Pereira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cerebral Artery ◽

Internal Carotid ◽

Cerebral Arteries ◽

Terminal Branch ◽

Vertebral Arteries ◽

Caudal Portion ◽

Cerebellar Artery ◽

The Right ◽

The Brain ◽

Left Middle

ABSTRACT: We studied the arterial circle in the brain of five specimens of the Alouatta belzebul primate. The material had the arterial system perfused (water at 40°C), injected with stained latex (Neoprene 650), fixed in aqueous formaldehyde solution (10%) and dissected for vessel verification. The arterial circle of this primate is composed of two vascular systems: the vertebra-basilar and the carotid ones, which anastomose to close the arterial circuit. In the caudal portion of the arterial circle, there are the vertebral arteries and their branches: the rostral spinal artery and the caudal inferior cerebellar artery. The anastomosis of the vertebral arteries gives rise to the basilar artery. It presented an anatomical variation at the beginning of its path, forming a double basilar artery, called arterial island. In its course, it emitted branches giving rise to the rostral inferior cerebellar artery, the pontine arteries, the rostral cerebellar arteries, the satellite rostral cerebellar arteries and its terminal branch, the caudal cerebral artery, which presented itself in two segments: the pre-communicating one and post-communicating, joining the internal carotid artery and originating the caudal communicating artery. This group of arteries and anastomoses enclose the caudal portion of the arterial circle. From the right and left internal carotid arteries begins the rostral portion of the arterial circle, which consists of the right and left rostral cerebral arteries and the right and left middle cerebral arteries. The rostral cerebral arteries anastomose into a single trunk, giving rise to the interhemispheric artery, and in A. belzebul and Sapajus libidinosus, the rostral communicating artery is absent. The interhemispheric artery goes to the midbrain region and the corpus callosum knee divides into pericalous artery and callosarginal artery, which will supply the pre and post-central regions of the cerebral hemispheres of this species, as well as other non-human and human primates. It is noted that in the first part of the left rostral cerebral artery, there is a direct inosculation between the recurrent branch of the rostral cerebral artery and left middle cerebral artery to supply the entorhinal region. This fact also occurs in Pongo spp. The middle cerebral artery travels along the lateral sulcus where it emits several superficial branches to irrigate the superior and inferior lateral cortical regions of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. It is not part of the arterial circle but is the terminal branch of the internal carotid artery. A. belzebul can be considered to depend on two sources of supply to the brain: the vertebra-basilar and carotid systems, contributing to the intervention of veterinarians during clinical and surgical procedures in other primates, as well as the preservation of wild animals.

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