Vascular supply of the hindbrain: Basic longitudinal and axial angioarchitecture

The basic pattern of arterial vascularization is highly conserved across vertebrates and develops under neuromeric rules. The hindbrain has an angioarchitecture that is homologous to that of the spinal cord, and the hindbrain vascular system can be analyzed at the longitudinal and axial structures. During development, there are two main longitudinal arteries: the longitudinal neural artery and primitive lateral basilovertebral anastomosis. This review discusses the basic pattern of the blood supply of the hindbrain, the development of vascularization, and the anatomical variations, with a special reference to the embryological point of view of two main longitudinal anastomoses (longitudinal neural artery and primitive lateral basilovertebral anastomosis). The formation of commonly observed variations, such as fenestration and duplication of the vertebrobasilar artery, or primitive trigeminal artery variant, can be explained by the partial persistence of the primitive lateral basilovertebral anastomosis. Understanding the pattern and the development of the blood supply of the hindbrain provides useful information of the various anomalies of the vertebrobasilar junction and cerebellar arteries.

PEComa—A Rare Liver Tumor

PEComa (perivascular epithelioid cell tumor) is a rare liver tumor. Decisions regarding patient management are currently based on a few small case series. The aim of this study was to report the clinicopathological features of PEComa in order to provide guidance for management, complemented by our own experience. This retrospective observational study included all patients with PEComa who underwent surgical treatment in two departments between 2002 and 2020. A total of 20 patients were diagnosed with PEComa following histopathological examination. The age of the patients ranged from 21 to 73 years. The majority of patients were women (85%). In most patients, the tumors were incidental. In diagnostic studies, PEComas with high arterial vascularization have been described. Liver resection was the treatment of choice. There was only one postoperative complication. During histopathological evaluation, tumors were composed mostly of epithelioid cells, rarely with spindle cell components, thick-walled vessels, and adipocytes in different proportions. Melanocytic markers (HMB45, MelanA) and at least one smooth muscle marker were expressed in all tumors. Features suggestive of malignancy were found in three cases. In conclusion, PEComa is a rare liver tumor that is usually diagnosed incidentally. In radiological studies, tumors with high arterial vascularization are observed. Liver resection is the treatment of choice.

Spleen arterial vascularization in fur-bearing animals in cages

The spleen is an unpaired parenchymal organ located in the abdominal cavity, performing immunological, filtration and hematopoietic functions and, in connection with the listed functional features, plays an essential role in the organism. Authors obtained detailed information on the arterial vascularization of the spleen of fur-bearing animals of Carnivora, since the information available in the special literature on the morphological aspects of the blood supply of the named organ is fragmentary. A comprehensive study of the spleen was carried out, which made it possible to confirm the general morphological patterns, to reveal the characteristic specific and intraspecific features of the vascularization of the spleen in fur-bearing animals in cages. The new data obtained on the morphology of the vessels vascularizing the spleen are original and give a complete picture of the organ. Analyzing the material obtained from own research, and comparing it with information from special literature, allows to assert that the blood supply to the spleen in fur-bearing animals of cellular content (silver-black fox, blue fox, sable and American mink) is carried out through the splenic artery, which also gives off branches to the stomach, pancreas and great omentum. If in the methods of branching of the splenic artery in the studied animals we note a great similarity, then in the number of branches branching from it there are significant differences. As a result of the study, it was found that the spleen is vascularized by the splenic artery extending from the celiac artery.

Macroanatomical Investigations on Renal Arteries of Southern Karaman Sheep

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the arterial vascularization of the kidneys in the South Karaman sheep breed. Twelve South Karaman sheep kidneys were used in the study. The course of the renal arteries in the kidney was examined by means of dissection and corrosion cast techniques. The kidneys were vascularized with right renal artery and left renal artery to the arteries originating from the abdominal aorta. Right renal artery was seen to be slightly more prominent than the left renal artery. Left renal artery was measured longer and thicker than the right renal artery. The renal artery entering the renal hilus, dorsal and ventral part of the renal artery were detected. However, in several materials, the left renal artery was shown to have a third branch. The dorsal and ventral branches gave interlobar artery with numbers ranging from 2-5. Each interlobar artery had multiple arcuate artery. These arteries ended by giving the interlobular artery. Anastomosis was not observed between the renal arteries. Although there were some important variations in the distribution of renal arteries of South Karaman sheep, similar findings were reported in the literature.

Systematization and Description of Arterial Vascularization of the Paleopallia Area on the Brain Surface of Chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera)

Background: Chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) is a small rodent that in recent years has been increasingly used as a laboratory animal by different researchers. Brain irrigation is the object of study by several authors, being chinchilla classified as a vertebrobasillary animal, that is, it does not depend on the internal carotid artery to originate its cerebral arterial vascularization. Thus, the objective of this study was to systematize and describe the branches of the rostral, middle and caudal cerebral arteries that vascularized the paleopallia area of the chinchilla. Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty Chinchilla lanigera brains were used in this study, 17 females and 13 adult males from farms in the municipalities of Viamão and Santa Maria in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The animals were heparinized, with 5000 IU / animal, and after 30 min were sacrificed with 8 mL / 2.5% sodium thiopental animal, both intraperitoneally. The thoracic cavity was opened, the cardiac apex sectioned and the aortic arch was cannulated through the left ventricle. The arterial system was flushed with 0.9% cooled saline, 100mL / animal and then filled with 603 latex stained red with specific dye. The skin was recessed and a bone window opened in the cranial vault. Thus the pieces were fixed in 20% formaldehyde for seven days and after this period, the brain with a cervical spinal cord segment was removed and ventral schematic drawings of all preparations were prepared. The Veterinary Anatomical Nomina (2017) was used to name the cerebral arteries and their branches and for the statistical analysis of the results, the percentage calculation was applied. Brain irrigation in the chinchilla was supplied by the basilar artery, which was formed by anastomosis of the terminal branches of the right and left vertebral arteries, in the most caudal portion of the oblong medulla. The paleopallia areas corresponded to the olfactory trine, lateral brain fossa, piriform lobe, bulb and olfactory peduncle, and the medial and lateral olfactory tracts. Irrigation of the chinchilla paleopallia area was supplied by central branches from the caudal, middle and rostral cerebral arteries, and by the central branches originating from the terminal branches of the basilar artery.Discussion: Justifying the discussion about the systematization and description of arterial vascularization of the paleopallia area of the chinchilla brain, it was compared to other species such as wild boar, nutria, rabbit and greasy of the field, because only in these animals were found references on the subject. . The central branches of the cerebral arteries were mainly responsible for the irrigation of the paleopallia areas of the chinchilla brain, as well as in the species already mentioned. Due to the variation of the types of arterial vascularization in each of these species, small differences were observed, and these central vessels may also be emitted from the rostral branch of the internal carotid artery, such as in the rabbit and fatty grapefruit, or from the brain carotid artery as in wildboar. Similarities between chinchilla and nutria were also observed, and these central branches may originate from the terminal branches of the basilar artery in both species.

MODERN ENDOVASCULAR TREATMENT METHODS FOR ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS

75% of men with coronary artery disease confirmed by coronarography have erectile dysfunction in history, while 75% of patients with a vascular etiology of ED have significant stenoses in penile arterial vascularization. Patients with coronary artery disease have shown a relationship between the range of the lesions in the coronary vessels and erectile dysfunction intensity. This paper aims at attempting to systematize the knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of nonsurgical endovascular treatment methods for erectile dysfunction with confirmed vascular causes. It analyzes seven studies which assess the results of erectile dysfunction treatment with percutaneous angioplasty. It also mentions the limitations of the cited works and formulates relevant conclusions. Conclusions: The analysis shows that endovascular procedures in erection-related arteries are safe in a specially selected group of men. It is necessary to conduct further studies to define an appropriate group of patients who have a chance of benefiting optimally from the endovascular treatment of erectile dysfunction in a long-term follow-up.

Features of vascularization of the protein division of the oviduct of the goose Italian

The aim of our research is to study the sources of arterial vascularization and spatial organization of the microcirculatory bed of the protein section of the oviduct in the female of the Italian goose. The objects of the study were 5 carcasses of adult geese, aged 160-180 days. The female goose oviduct is a unique organ with a special blood supply, which is associated with its considerable length and the presence of five departments. One of the longest parts of the oviduct is the protein section (Magnum), having extraorgan arterial sources of vascularization in the form of cranial, middle and caudal ovarian arteries, departing from the descending aorta, the Intraorgan channel of the protein section is built on a General principle and is represented by surface and deep arterial networks, and plexuses of arterial vessels. The surface network of arterial capillaries is located in the serous and muscular membranes, bringing blood to the organ, and deep capillaries located in the submucosal layer may perform a trophic function. Therefore, in the protein section there are several floors of arterial vessels (serous-muscular, intermuscular and muscular-mucous). Some artery arising from intraorganic vascular bed, are some way beyond, becoming tributaries paravenozhnykh of the capillaries, consequently, the available arteriolo-venous fistula should be considered as shunt devices to discharge some portion of the arterial blood into the veins. The special nature of the distribution of vessels is revealed in the muscle membrane of the protein section, when they form between themselves in the initial section of the arc of large size, and later consist of arcs of smaller size. Each segment of the arteriol-venous anastomosis provides blood to a certain area of the muscle and has a strictly ordered pathway of intraorgan blood flow relative to tissue structures. The resulting data reflect the overall pattern of sources of vascularization in the region of the extrahepatic portion of the course and intraorganelle branching of the arteries the protein section, forming a common morphological relationship between adjacent section.

Characteristics of perioptic and intraoptic arterial vascularization of extracranial segment of optic nerve

Introduction. The optic nerve is supplied by the arterial branches of thesuperficial pial plexus and direct intraneural branches. The aim of the studywas to study the morphological characteristics (origin, number of arteries,calibers, and branching pattern) of perioptic arterial vascularization andintraoptic vascular network of the extracranial sections of the optic nerve:canalicular and intraorbital.Methods. The study included 18 pairs of the optic nerves of both sexes(11 males and 7 females), aged 51 to 78 years, with no signs of changes inthe structures of the nervous system. The vasculature of the optic nerveswas microdissected and examined under the stereoscopic microscope, afterinjecting their arteries with 10% mixture of India ink and gelatin, and5% formaline fixation.Results. The intracanalicular part of the optic nerve received fine bloodvessels from the ophthalmic artery, usually in two branches in 29 (82.9%)cases, while in 6 (17.1%) specimens there was only one branch for thenerve. The intraorbital segment of the optic nerve was supplied by twointerconnected systems of blood vessels, peripheral and axial, both comingfrom the central retinal artery.Conclusion. On the basis of the obtained results, it has been confirmedthat both segments of the optic nerve have a rich and very delicate vascularnetwork. The superficial pial arterial plexus of the intracanalicular segmentof the optic nerve has been identified as the only source of its vascularsupply. The intraorbital part of the optic nerve has two interconnectedsystems of blood vessels: peripheral and axial.