Novel characteristics of Chinese NADC34-like PRRRSV during 2020-2021

NADC34-like PRRSV strains were first detected in China in 2017, with epidemic potential. In this study, the phylogenetic, epidemic, and recombinant properties of NADC34-like PRRSV in China were evaluated comprehensively. From 2020 to October 2021, 82 NADC34-like PRRSV isolates were obtained from 433 PRRSV-positive clinical samples. These strains accounted for 11.5% and 28.6% of positives in 2020 and 2021, respectively, and have spread to eight provinces. We selected 15 samples for whole-genome sequencing, revealing genome lengths of 15,009 to 15,113 nt. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Chinese NADC34-like strains cluster with American sublineage 1.5 strains and do not form an independent branch. Recombination analysis revealed that six of fifteen complete genome sequences derived from recombination between NADC34-like and NADC30-like or HP-PRRSV; they all recombined with local strains in China, exhibiting a complex recombination pattern. Partial Nsp2 sequence alignment showed that nine of fifteen isolates have a continuous 100-aa deletion (similar to IA/2014/NADC34); other isolates have a 131-aa discontinuity deletion (similar to NADC30). Five of them also have additional amino acid deletions, all of which are reported for the first time here. In the last two years, NADC34-like PRRSV has become one of the main epidemic strains in some areas of China; it has changed significantly, its homology has decreased significantly, and it has undergone complex recombination with local Chinese strains. These results are of great significance for understanding the current epidemic situation of PRRSV in China.

On Contemporary Female Seal-carving Artists

In contemporary times, female art is gradually seen as an independent branch of art. Seal carving is a world intangible cultural heritage and an important part of Chinese art. Female seal-carving artists, against such a backdrop, are exhibiting their own charm with a tint of Chinese characteristics. This paper intends to give an outline of female seal carving in China and its development process. It then explores its artistic features with examples of contemporary female seal-carving artists, such as Luo Pengpeng and Yin Fenghua. In the end the problems confronting the female group will be discussed and their way out.

A new Gammarus species from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (China) with a key to Xinjiang freshwater gammarids (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Gammaridae)

The Gammarus zhouqiongi sp. nov. are described and illustrated from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. The new species is characterized by pereopods III-IV with long straight setae on posterior margins and inner ramus of uropod III 0.7 times as long as outer ramus. Detailed morphological comparisons with related species are discussed. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) sequence differs from the other Gammarus species in Xinjiang by 16.6%-32.4% in K2P distance. The mitochondrial (COI, 16S) and nuclear markers (28S, EF1α) show that the new species is an independent branch in the phylogenetic tree. A key to identify Gammarus species in the Xinjiang are also provided.

Certain aspects of possible codification of legislation of intellectual property law

Keywords: recodification of the Civil Code of Ukraine, codification of legislation onintellectual property law, subject and method of intellectual property law The article examines the issues related to the possibility ofcodification of legislation in the field of intellectual property rights. Currently, inUkraine there is a three-tier regulation of public relations in the field of intellectualproperty law. On the one hand, the Civil Code of Ukraine, the rules of which are characterizedby a corresponding nature, terminological inconsistency with special legislation;special legislation regulating legal relations arising from the creation and use ofcertain objects of intellectual property rights; as well as the provisions of ratified internationallegal acts in this area. Such legislation does not contribute to effectiveprotection or effective protection of intellectual property rights.The updating of the Civil Code of Ukraine will not improve the situation regardingproper legislative support in this area, and may lead to new conflicts. Based on the analysis of existing approaches in legal doctrine on the possible codificationof legislation in the field of intellectual property law, it is concluded that it ispossible if the latter is separated into an independent branch of law, characterized bythe subject and method of legal regulation. The existing approach to the definition ofthe subject of regulation in the doctrine of intellectual property law coincides with thecivilized approaches and does not reflect the specifics of legal relations that characterizethe field of intellectual property. The subject of intellectual property law is notlimited to private law relations, public law is also quite common. In this regard, it isproposed to understand the subject as a legal relationship arising in connection withthe creation, use and protection of intellectual property rights. It is proved that theright of intellectual property can be separated into an independent branch of law andto codify its legislation. This will be facilitated by the interest of the state and the correspondingpolitical will to do so.

The origin and development of private international law (XII-XX centuries)

The monograph examines the issues of the origin, formation and development of private international law (MCHP) as a science and an independent branch of law. The development of conflict (conflict of laws) law is shown starting from the XII century and ending with the beginning of the XX century, more precisely, 1917. In particular, the main historical stages of the development of the science of private international law in Europe by lawyers from Italy, France, Holland, Germany, England and Russia up to the beginning of the XX century are highlighted. The main ideas and doctrines in the science of MCHP are outlined, a number of author's provisions and conclusions regarding the covered topic are expressed, as well as proposals for the further development of the science of MCHP. It is recommended to students, masters, postgraduates and teachers of this discipline in educational organizations of professional education, to anyone who is interested in private international law.

Developing the Conceptual Foundations for the Science of Penitentiary (Prison) Law — Prison Studies — as an Independent Branch of Russian Criminal Law (Second Half of the XIX — Beginning of the XX Century)

The authors analyze the historical experience of the emergence and development of the science of penitentiary (prison) law — prison studies — as an independent branch of Russian criminal law that was formed in the second half of the 19th — beginning of the 20th centuries. They pay special attention to the institutionalization of the punishment of incarceration whose theoretical foundation was laid by outstanding representatives of Russian pre-revolutionary prison studies. In this historical period, famous legal scholars, practitioners, public figures, political and fiction writers studied problems of the organization and functioning of the Russian prison service, they offered suggestions on its optimization, on improving the effectiveness of its functioning regarding the implementation of the basic principles of punishment for persons who committed illegal actions. It is noted that in the history of Russian criminal law, the institute of punishment was studied by many representatives of legal science and practice who were not only outstanding scholars, but also highly effective organizers of prison work. However even today, in the process of establishing a civilized, humane, international law- and norm-based penitentiary system in Russia, there is an acute lack of complex research which would offer a comprehensive description and characteristic of the contemporary science of penitentiary law that became unofficially known as prison studies in the second half of the 19th — first half of the 20th centuries. Taking into account the historical past of our country, it is evident that a complex approach to researching the fundamental principles of the punishment of incarceration contributes to the further development of Russia legal science, to the objective assessment of the role and place of penitentiary institutions in the system of especially authorized state bodies that possess an exclusive right to counteracting crime. The studied empirical materials allowed the authors to conclude that it is necessary to analyze and widely use this rich historical legacy, which would help contemporary legal research and practice gain new knowledge in a dynamic and consistent way.

Bakhtin, Russia and World: Reception of Scientist’s Ideas and Works in 1996—2020 Research

The process of reception of M. M. Bakhtin’s scientific heritage over the past 25 years is analyzed in the review article. The focus of the authors is on identifying the stages and main directions, trends and achievements of modern Russian Bakhtin studies, determining the prospects for further research. The relevance of the review lies in the need for an objective reconstruction of the process of studying the ideas and heritage of M. M. Bakhtin in Russia and abroad, primarily over the past 25 years. It is noted that the works of M. M. Bakhtin are the most cited in scientific literary criticism and Bakhtin studies have become an independent branch of interdisciplinary research. The analysis revealed the role in the development of Russian Bakhtin studies of such a phenomenon as a collection of works by a scientist, Bakhtin studies journals and publications, publications of leading researchers. Conclusions are made that in 1996—2020 Russian Bakhtin studies have reached a fundamentally new level in the development of the scientist’s heritage, made a significant contribution to the study of his key ideas and concepts, completed a preliminary reconstruction of his scientific biography, carried out a systematic description of his terminological language and scientific theory as a whole, indicated the points of the necessary dialogue between Russian scientists and foreign colleagues.

FEATURES OF THE CLINICAL COURSE AND CHOICE OF THERAPY IN PERSONS OVER 70 YEARS OF AGE WITH NEWLY DIAGNOSED TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS: A LITERARY REVIEW

Сахарный диабет - это эндокринное заболевание, при котором происходит нарушение выработки инсулина или понижение чувствительности клеточных рецепторов к нему, что в результате ведет к увеличению сахара в крови. Диабет 2 типа часто называют "болезнью цивилизации". Около четверти населения в возрасте старше 65 лет имеют сахарный диабет, а половина - предиабет, причем отмечается тенденция к усугублению данной ситуации в ближайшие десятилетия. В связи с улучшением социальнодемократической ситуации, старением населения, развитием гериатрии как самостоятельный раздел медицины, появилась возможность раннего выявления сахарного диабета. Но лечение данной группы пациентов имеет ряд проблем, связанных с когнитивными нарушениями, которые препятствуют обучению и приверженности пациентов к лечению; коморбидными состояниями, при которых невозможно адекватно оценивать тяжесть заболевания. Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder in which the production of insulin is impaired or the sensitivity of cell receptors to it is impaired, which results in an increase in blood sugar. Type 2 diabetes is often referred to as the "disease of civilization". About a quarter of the population over the age of 65 has diabetes mellitus, and half have prediabetes, and this situation tends to worsen in the coming decades. In connection with the improvement of the social and democratic situation, the aging of the population, the development of geriatrics as an independent branch of medicine, it became possible to detect diabetes mellitus early. But the treatment of this group of patients has a number of problems associated with cognitive impairment that hinder the learning and adherence of patients to treatment; comorbid conditions in which it is impossible to adequately assess the severity of the disease

Stages of development of cardiology as an independent branch of medical science

Cardiology (from the Greek. καρδία-heart and λογος-study) is an extensive branch of medicine that deals with the study of the human cardiovascular system. Cardiology is believed to have originated in Ancient Egypt around 3000 BC. Hippocrates first describes the structure of the heart as a muscular organ. Harvey was the first to experimentally prove the existence of blood circulation. Andreas Vesalius created the basic prerequisites for the subsequent discovery of pulmonary circulation. Malpighi published the results of observations on the structure of the lung, for the first time gave a description of capillary vessels. For the first time, the Italian researcher Gaspar Azeli reported on lymphatic vessels and their connection with blood vessels. Purkinje published research on specific muscle fibers that conduct arousal through the heart (Purkinje fibers), which initiated the study of its conducting system. Thanks to all these fundamental discoveries, by the beginning of the XIX century, cardiology had become an independent branch of medicine, which has its own methods of diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Teaching somatic idioms during the corona crisis (based on historical and literary texts)

By the last millennium of the twentieth century, phraseology was established as an independent branch of linguistics, and now it is being developed in several directions. One of them is the theory of idioethnic phraseology. This doctrine considers the asymmetry in phraseology and the semantic description of the resulting phraseological units (PhU), the concept of phraseological paradigm (PhP), the “cap” as a phraseological category, and its relationship to phraseological derivation. This paper focuses on phraseological units and the difficulties in teaching students during the corona crisis. We use the World Bank’s data on Kazakhstan (summer 2020), building on the narrative that “the COVID-19 pandemic has a negative impact on the development of human capital not only in Kazakhstan, but all over the world. Uneven access to quality education, especially during the quarantine period, can negatively affect the development of human beings.” Because of said challenges, many educational establishments transferred the education system to distance learning. Teaching languages, especially when teaching phraseology, requires a lot of strength, a good grasp of modern technology, and innovative approaches. The aim of our research is to identify (1) the semantic field of the somatic idioms based on relevant historical and literary texts and (2) viable ways of teaching students during the corona crisis