scholarly journals Genomic and antigenic properties of Newcastle Disease virus genotypes 2.XX1 and 2.VII from Egypt do not point to antigenic drift as a driving force of spread

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Naguib ◽  
Dirk Höper ◽  
Magdy El-Kady ◽  
Manal Afify ◽  
Ahmed Erfan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Reference Strain ◽  
Antigenic Drift ◽  
Antigenic Sites ◽  
Antigenic Properties ◽  
Vaccine Type ◽  
Genotype 2 ◽  
Virus Genotypes ◽  
Reaction Patterns

Newcastle disease (ND), caused by avian orthoavulavirus type-1 (NDV), is endemic in poultry in the Middle East causing continuing outbreaks in poultry populations despite efforts to vaccinate. In the past, genotype 2.XXI (former 2.VI) was present in poultry in Egypt but has been replaced by genotype 2.VII. We investigated whether virus evolution contributed to superseding, and focused on the antigenic sites within the Heamagglutinin-Neuramindase (HN) spike protein. Full length sequences of a NDV genotype 2.VII isolate currently circulating in Egypt was compared to a genotype 2.XXI isolate that was present as co-infection with vaccine type viruses (2.II) in an historical isolate of the year 2011. Amino acid differences in the HN glycoprotein for both 2.XXI and 2.VII viruses amounted to 11,7% and 11,9 % compared to LaSota vaccine type. However, mutations within the globular head (aa 126-570), bearing relevant antigenic sites, were underrepresented (aa divergence of 8,8% and 8,1 % compared to 22,4% and 25,6% within the fragment encompassing cytoplasmic tail, transmembrane part and stalk regions (aa 1-125) for genotypes 2.XXI and 2.VII, respectively. Nevertheless, reaction patterns of HN-specific monoclonal antibodies revealed differences between vaccine type viruses and genotype 2.XXI and 2.VII viruses for specific epitopes. Accordingly, compared to Egyptian vaccine type isolates and the LaSota vaccine reference strain, single aa substitutions in 6 of 10 described neutralizing epitopes were found within the attachment protein. However, the same alterations in neutralization sensitive epitopes were present in old genotype 2.XXI as well as in newly emerged genotype 2.VII isolates. In addition, isolates were indistinguishable by polyclonal chicken sera raised against different genotypes including vaccine viruses. These findings suggest, that factors other than antigenic differences within the HN-protein account for facilitating spread of genotype 2.VII while displacing genotype 2.XXI viruses in Egypt.

scholarly journals Monoclonal antibodies specific for the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein define neutralizing epitopes specific for Newcastle disease virus genotype 2.VII from Egypt

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Moharam ◽  
Olayinka Asala ◽  
Sven Reiche ◽  
Hafez Hafez ◽  
Martin Beer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Receptor Binding ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Antigenic Drift ◽  
Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Genotype 2 ◽  
Depth Analysis

Abstract Background Newcastle disease is a devastating disease in poultry caused by virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a paramyxovirus endemic in many regions of the world despite intensive vaccination. Phylogenetic analyses reveal ongoing evolution of the predominant circulating genotype 2.VII, and the relevance of potential antigenic drift is under discussion. To investigate variation within neutralization-sensitive epitopes within the protein responsible for receptor binding, i.e. the Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase (HN) spike protein, we were interested in establishing genotype-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Methods An HN-enriched fraction of a gradient-purified NDV genotype 2.VII was prepared and successfully employed to induce antibodies in BalbC mice that recognize conformationally intact sites reactive by haemagglutination inhibition (HI). For subsequent screening of mouse hybridoma cultures, an NDV-ELISA was established that utilizes Concanavalin A (ConA-ELISA) coupled glycoproteins proven to present conformation-dependent epitopes. Results Six out of nine selected MAbs were able to block receptor binding as demonstrated by HI activity. One MAb recognized an epitope only present in the homologue virus, while four other MAbs showed weak reactivity to selected other genotypes. On the other hand, one broadly cross-reacting MAb reacted with all genotypes tested and resembled the reactivity profile of genotype-specific polyclonal antibody preparations that point to minor antigenic differences between tested NDV genotpyes. Conclusions These results point to the concurrent presence of variable and conserved epitopes within the HN molecule of NDV. The described protocol should help to generate MAbs against a variety of NDV strains and to enable in depth analysis of the antigenic profiles of different genotypes.

scholarly journals Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for the Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Protein Define Neutralizing Epitopes Specific for Newcastle Disease Virus Genotype 2.VII from Egypt.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Moharam ◽  
Olayinka Asala ◽  
Sven Reiche ◽  
Timm Harder ◽  
Hafez Hafez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Receptor Binding ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Antigenic Drift ◽  
Virus Genotype ◽  
Genotype 2 ◽  
Depth Analysis

Abstract Background:Newcastle disease is a devastating disease in poultry caused by Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a paramyxovirus endemic in many regions of the world despite intensive vaccination. Phylogenetic analysis reveal ongoing evolution of the predominant circulating genotype 2.VII, and the relevance of potential antigenic drift is under discussion. To investigate variation within neutralization-sensitive epitopes within the protein responsible for receptor binding, i.e. the Heamagglutinin-Neuraminidase (HN) spike protein, we were interested to established genotype-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Methods:An HN-enriched fraction of a gradient-purified NDV genotype 2.VII was prepared and successfully employed to induced antibodies in BalbC mice that recognize conformationally intact sites reactive by haemagglutination inhibition (HI). For subsequent screening of mouse hybridoma cultures, an NDV-ELISA was established that utilize Concanavalin A (ConA-ELISA) coupled Glycoproteins that was proven to present conformation-dependent epitopes.Results:Six out of nine selected MAbs were able to block receptor binding as demonstrated by HI-activity. One MAb recognized an epitope only present in the homologue virus while four other MAbs showed weak reactivity to selected other genotypes. On the other hand, one broadly cross-reacting MAb reacted with all genotypes tested and resembled the reactivity profile of genotype specific polyclonal antibody preparations that point to minor antigenic differences between tested NDV genotpyes.Conclusions:These results point to the concurrent presence of variable and conserved epitopes within the HN-molecule of NDV. The described protocol should help to generate MAbs to a variety of NDV strains and enable in depth analysis of the antigenic profiles of different genotypes.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of Seasonal Influenza A and B from Hospitalized Patients in Thailand in 2018–2019

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 977
Author(s):  
Kobporn Boonnak ◽  
Chayasin Mansanguan ◽  
Dennis Schuerch ◽  
Usa Boonyuen ◽  
Hatairat Lerdsamran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Antigenic Drift ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Receptor Binding Site ◽  
Antigenic Sites ◽  
Ha Protein

Influenza viruses continue to be a major public health threat due to the possible emergence of more virulent influenza virus strains resulting from dynamic changes in virus adaptability, consequent of functional mutations and antigenic drift in surface proteins, especially hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). In this study, we describe the genetic and evolutionary characteristics of H1N1, H3N2, and influenza B strains detected in severe cases of seasonal influenza in Thailand from 2018 to 2019. We genetically characterized seven A/H1N1 isolates, seven A/H3N2 isolates, and six influenza B isolates. Five of the seven A/H1N1 viruses were found to belong to clade 6B.1 and were antigenically similar to A/Switzerland/3330/2017 (H1N1), whereas two isolates belonged to clade 6B.1A1 and clustered with A/Brisbane/02/2018 (H1N1). Interestingly, we observed additional mutations at antigenic sites (S91R, S181T, T202I) as well as a unique mutation at a receptor binding site (S200P). Three-dimensional (3D) protein structure analysis of hemagglutinin protein reveals that this unique mutation may lead to the altered binding of the HA protein to a sialic acid receptor. A/H3N2 isolates were found to belong to clade 3C.2a2 and 3C.2a1b, clustering with A/Switzerland/8060/2017 (H3N2) and A/South Australia/34/2019 (H3N2), respectively. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed 10 mutations at antigenic sites including T144A/I, T151K, Q213R, S214P, T176K, D69N, Q277R, N137K, N187K, and E78K/G. All influenza B isolates in this study belong to the Victoria lineage. Five out of six isolates belong to clade 1A3-DEL, which relate closely to B/Washington/02/2009, with one isolate lacking the three amino acid deletion on the HA segment at position K162, N163, and D164. In comparison to the B/Colorado/06/2017, which is the representative of influenza B Victoria lineage vaccine strain, these substitutions include G129D, G133R, K136E, and V180R for HA protein. Importantly, the susceptibility to oseltamivir of influenza B isolates, but not A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 isolates, were reduced as assessed by the phenotypic assay. This study demonstrates the importance of monitoring genetic variation in influenza viruses regarding how acquired mutations could be associated with an improved adaptability for efficient transmission.

scholarly journals Rapid virulence prediction and identification of Newcastle disease virus genotypes using third-generation sequencing

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Salman L. Butt ◽  
Tonya L. Taylor ◽  
Jeremy D. Volkening ◽  
Kiril M. Dimitrov ◽  
Dawn Williams-Coplin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Third Generation Sequencing ◽  
Virus Genotypes ◽  
Generation Sequencing

scholarly journals Genetic marker studies of poliovirus: II. Strains isolated from cases of poliomyelitis associated with the administration of live attenuated vaccine

1967 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne E. Cossart
Keyword(s):  
Oral Vaccine ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Vaccine Type ◽  
Marker Studies ◽  
Type 3

Strains of poliovirus were obtained from 13 of the 18 persons in England and Wales with paralytic episodes after administration of oral vaccine in 1962. They have been studied using three marker tests: the R.C.T.40 test, intratypic serodifferentiation and inhibition by dextran sulphate. For comparison a number of strains from subjects with non-paralytic vaccine-associated reactions and from patients with paralytic poliomyelitis not related to vaccine were also tested.Of the eight patients excreting type 1 strains seven came from South Wales where an outbreak was in progress. They all resemble naturally occurring strains from the outbreak in growing at 39·3° but not at 39·8° C.Only one subject excreted type 2 virus which was of vaccine type.The type 3 strains included a series from a family group where a range of results from vaccine to the wild range was obtained. Three other patients with vaccineassociated paralysis excreted type 3 strains with the characteristic of naturally occurring strains.

scholarly journals Antigenic Drift of the Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Neuraminidase Results in Reduced Effectiveness of A/California/7/2009 (H1N1pdm09)-Specific Antibodies

mBio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Gao ◽  
Laura Couzens ◽  
David F. Burke ◽  
Hongquan Wan ◽  
Patrick Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Antigenic Drift ◽  
Influenza Vaccines ◽  
Vaccine Production ◽  
Antigenic Sites ◽  
Vaccine Component ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTThe effectiveness of influenza vaccines against circulating A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses was modest for several seasons despite the absence of antigenic drift of hemagglutinin (HA), the primary vaccine component. Since antibodies against HA and neuraminidase (NA) contribute independently to protection against disease, antigenic changes in NA may allow A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses to escape from vaccine-induced immunity. In this study, analysis of the specificities of human NA-specific monoclonal antibodies identified antigenic sites that have changed over time. The impact of these differences onin vitroinhibition of enzyme activity was not evident for polyclonal antisera until viruses emerged in 2013 without a predicted glycosylation site at amino acid 386 in NA. Phylogenetic and antigenic cartography demonstrated significant antigenic changes that in most cases aligned with genetic differences. Typical of NA drift, the antigenic difference is observed in one direction, with antibodies against conserved antigenic domains in A/California/7/2009 (CA/09) continuing to inhibit NA of recent A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses reasonably well. However, ferret CA/09-specific antiserum that inhibited the NA of A/Michigan/45/2015 (MI/15) very wellin vitro, protected mice against lethal MI/15 infection poorly. These data show that antiserum against the homologous antigen is most effective and suggest the antigenic properties of NA should not be overlooked when selecting viruses for vaccine production.IMPORTANCEThe effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccines against circulating A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses has been modest in recent years, despite the absence of antigenic drift of HA, the primary vaccine component. Human monoclonal antibodies identified antigenic sites in NA that changed early after the new pandemic virus emerged. The reactivity of ferret antisera demonstrated antigenic drift of A(H1N1)pdm09 NA from 2013 onward. Passive transfer of serum raised against A/California/7/2009 was less effective than ferret serum against the homologous virus in protecting mice against a virus with the NA of more recent virus, A/Michigan/45/2015. Given the long-standing observation that NA-inhibiting antibodies are associated with resistance against disease in humans, these data demonstrate the importance of evaluating NA drift and suggest that vaccine effectiveness might be improved by selecting viruses for vaccine production that have NAs antigenically similar to those of circulating influenza viruses.

scholarly journals Mapping of three antigenic sites on the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein of Newcastle disease virus

1988 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khatijah Yusoff ◽  
Mark Nesbit ◽  
Hazel McCartney ◽  
Peter T. Emmerson ◽  
Anthony C.R. Samson
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Antigenic Sites

scholarly journals Predicting antigenic sites on the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid of the South African Territories types using virus neutralization data

2011 ◽  
Vol 92 (10) ◽  
pp. 2297-2309 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. F. Maree ◽  
B. Blignaut ◽  
J. J. Esterhuysen ◽  
T. A. P. de Beer ◽  
J. Theron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Antigenic Sites ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Virus Serotype ◽  
Antigenic Properties ◽  
Foot And Mouth

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) outer capsid proteins 1B, 1C and 1D contribute to the virus serotype distribution and antigenic variants that exist within each of the seven serotypes. This study presents phylogenetic, genetic and antigenic analyses of South African Territories (SAT) serotypes prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. Here, we show that the high levels of genetic diversity in the P1-coding region within the SAT serotypes are reflected in the antigenic properties of these viruses and therefore have implications for the selection of vaccine strains that would provide the best vaccine match against emerging viruses. Interestingly, although SAT1 and SAT2 viruses displayed similar genetic variation within each serotype (32 % variable amino acids), antigenic disparity, as measured by r1-values, was less pronounced for SAT1 viruses compared with SAT2 viruses within our dataset, emphasizing the high antigenic variation within the SAT2 serotype. Furthermore, we combined amino acid variation and the r1-values with crystallographic structural data and were able to predict areas on the surface of the FMD virion as antigenically relevant. These sites were mostly consistent with antigenic sites previously determined for types A, O and C using mAbs and escape mutant studies. Our methodology offers a quick alternative to determine antigenic relevant sites for FMDV field strains.

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