Civil Liability Resulting from Sport Referees Misjudgment

There is no doubt that sport is helping people to have health and happiness. However, this has undergone several changes over time since but there was professional the sports mix with championship and all there phenomena. Nowadays, sport is considered as a profession and many companies and plus can see it as a business. Moreover, governments mix the scores with politics. Referees are not guaranteeing discipline in sport fields. The decisions referees make have some consequences including civil responsibilities. So, the referees are expected to make up for theor loss caused by their decisions. From this point of view the responsibilities of the referrals should be investigated to clarify the limits of their responsibilities and the extent to which they have to make up for the loss. If these limitations are not clarified the maximum reaction the referee may receive would not extend notifications of unfair decisions which may not have any legal consequences for him. The may not be responsible to the loss caused by his decisions regarding the breakdown of club properties or viewers of the match. It should be noted that the referee alone is not responsible for making up the loss and should make up for that as one of the casual elements according to the civil law and Islamic punishment rule acted in 2013.

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Who Can We Count On? Authority, Empowerment and Accountability in Mozambique

10.19088/ids.2021.019 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Egidio Chaimite ◽

Salvador Forquilha ◽

Alex Shankland

Keyword(s):

Public Goods ◽

Service Provision ◽

Point Of View ◽

Basic Service ◽

Goods And Services ◽

Poor Households ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

In this paper, we explore the use of a governance diaries methodology to investigate poor households’ interactions with authority in fragile, conflict and violence-affected settings in Mozambique. The research questioned the meanings of empowerment and accountability from the point of view of poor and marginalised people, with the aim of understanding what both mean for them, and how that changes over time, based on their experiences with governance. The study also sought to record how poor and marginalised households view the multiple institutions that govern their lives; providing basic public goods and services, including health and security; and, in return, raise revenues to fund these services. The findings show that, even if the perceptions and, with them, the concepts of empowerment and accountability that emerged do not differ significantly from those identified in the literature, in terms of action and mobilisation there are distinctions. In our research sites we found that people rarely mobilise, even faced with prevalent injustices and poor basic service provision. Many claim to be ‘unable’ to influence or force ‘authorities’ to respond to their concerns and demands.

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TO THE QUESTION OF SACRED MEANINGS IN N. SABITOV’S PIANO CYCLE "SEVEN TUNES"

Arts education and science ◽

10.36871/hon.202002010 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 81-87

Author(s):

N. F. Garipova ◽

Keyword(s):

Point Of View ◽

Analytical Studies ◽

Analysis Tools ◽

Piano Cycle ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

Interest in the piano work of the Bashkir composer Nariman Sabitov especially increased on the eve of the 95th anniversary of his birth. In 2004, the author of this article published an essay on the composer’s piano cycle "Seven Tunes". However, the perception of music changes over time. This article is supplemented by analytical studies related to the development of folklore, with a special view on poetic folklore in terms of sacred, magical and mythological problems. There are interesting works in this direction. They pushed the author to re-analyze the musical content of the cycle from this point of view. The emergence of new analysis tools made it possible to supplement the composer's idea of the piano cycle and to clarify some, at first glance, contradictory composer’s solutions. An updated look at the semantics of the piano cycle, in our opinion, expands the content component of the cycle as a whole and allows the performers to enrich their own concept when performing or independently studying the composition.

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Problems of improving legislation in the field of regulation of measures of civil liability and sanctions for causing harm and losses by violations of non-contractual (tort) civil obligations

Russian justice ◽

10.18572/0131-6761-2021-2-58-61 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 58-61

Author(s):

A.I. Ibragimova ◽

Keyword(s):

Civil Law ◽

Civil Liability ◽

Fundamental Principle ◽

Legal Consequences

The article notes that without legislatively established harsh measures to counter the commission of non-contractual civil law offenses — tort, the fundamental principle of maintaining a stable civil law order and lawful civil turnover cannot be implemented, it is proposed to prevent the commission of noncontractual civil law crimes (tort) ) to make amendments, amendments and additions to certain legislative acts aimed at establishing additional civil sanctions and the actual and legal consequences arising from their application.

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Extending the Principle of Economic Continuity to Private Enforcement of Competition Law. What Lies Ahead for Corporate Restructuring and Civil Damages Proceedings after Skanska? Case Comment to the Judgement of the Court of Justice of 14 March 2019 Skanska Industrial Solutions and others (Case C-724/17)

Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies ◽

10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2019.12.20.11 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (19) ◽

pp. 259-268

Author(s):

Vasiliki Fasoula

Keyword(s):

Civil Law ◽

Competition Law ◽

Civil Liability ◽

Corporate Restructuring ◽

Point Of View ◽

Private Enforcement ◽

Competition Authority ◽

European Law ◽

Legal Entity ◽

European Competition Law

In the tradition of civil law Member States, civil liability issues are linked to the legal entity that caused a damage, with the exception of lifting the corporate veil. The Finnish competition authority imposed fines to Finnish companies that participated in an asphalt cartel. Following that decision, an action for damages was lodged for infringement of Article 101 TFEU that ultimately led to the Skanska ruling. The European judge completes and specifies some ambiguities of the Damages Directive. From a holistic point of view of the objective pursued by both public and private enforcement of European competition law rules, the economic entity of an ‘undertaking’, as it is defined by European law rather than the legal entity as it is defined by national law, must be a substantive criterion, and not a procedural one, in civil liability procedures before national courts awarding damages for European law infringements. Introducing the principle of economic continuity to national civil liability procedures is a creeping harmonisation of national civil law in order to serve the effectiveness of European competition law. The scope of Skanska could also extent to Article 102 TFEU infringements. Corporate restructuring must follow from now on a lengthy and complex due diligence as the acquirers could be liable for their predecessors’ infringements in any Member State.

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THE SCIENCE OF LAW REGARDING NEW LEGAL CONTRACTUAL COMMERCIAL INSTITUTIONS FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE CONTINENTAL CIVIL LAW SYSTEMS: THE SPANISH AND GERMAN EXAMPLES

Review of European and Comparative Law ◽

10.31743/recl.4810 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 73-102

Author(s):

Juan Palao-Uceda

Keyword(s):

Civil Law ◽

Point Of View ◽

Roman Law ◽

Legal Tradition ◽

Basic Concepts ◽

Over Time

This article tries to return to the essence of civil law which, with a little more than ten key contractual institutions, allows all disputes created from newly founded institutions to be examined and interpreted. If law is science it must be ableto be reduced to a set of basic concepts that have been coined and concluded from daily contractual practice and, almost in their entirety, have been in force over time. Hence the study of Roman law and Roman legal tradition remain a constantreference to our continental law. However, this does not prevent them from being open to gradual enrichment.

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Sacra privata in the Roman domus Private or Public? A Study of Household Shrines in an Architectural Context at Pompeii and Ostia

Acta ad archaeologiam et artium historiam pertinentia ◽

10.5617/acta.5768 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 23 ◽

pp. 59-117

Author(s):

J. Rasmus Brandt

Keyword(s):

Point Of View ◽

Household Shrines ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

The household shrines, or lararia, in private dwelling houses at Pompeii and Ostia are discessed according to the following parameters: type of lararia and their orientation, the rooms/spaces in which the lararia appear in the house, major movement lines within the house, deep-view axes and other viewed lines, the size of the houses, and the region in which the houses are situated. The aim of this paper is forst, from a synchronic point of view, to investigate which types of lararia were placed in what architectural contexts, in a private or public position, within the house. Then a diachronic view is adopted to see if there are changes over time. A tabular catalogue of all lararia registered in private dwelling houses at Pompeii and at Ostia is appended.

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Comparison of two devices for measuring exercise transcutaneous oxygen pressures in patients with claudication

VASA ◽

10.1024/0301-1526/a000454 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 44 (5) ◽

pp. 355-362 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Marie Urban ◽

Alban Fouasson-Chailloux ◽

Isabelle Signolet ◽

Christophe Colas Ribas ◽

Mathieu Feuilloy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Pressure ◽

Optical Sensors ◽

Chemical Sensors ◽

Transcutaneous Oxygen ◽

Starting Values ◽

Two Systems ◽

Transcutaneous Oxygen Pressure ◽

New Sensors ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

Abstract. Summary: Background: We aimed at estimating the agreement between the Medicap® (photo-optical) and Radiometer® (electro-chemical) sensors during exercise transcutaneous oxygen pressure (tcpO2) tests. Our hypothesis was that although absolute starting values (tcpO2rest: mean over 2 minutes) might be different, tcpO2-changes over time and the minimal value of the decrease from rest of oxygen pressure (DROPmin) results at exercise shall be concordant between the two systems. Patients and methods: Forty seven patients with arterial claudication (65 + / - 7 years) performed a treadmill test with 5 probes each of the electro-chemical and photo-optical devices simultaneously, one of each system on the chest, on each buttock and on each calf. Results: Seventeen Medicap® probes disconnected during the tests. tcpO2rest and DROPmin values were higher with Medicap® than with Radiometer®, by 13.7 + / - 17.1 mm Hg and 3.4 + / - 11.7 mm Hg, respectively. Despite the differences in absolute starting values, changes over time were similar between the two systems. The concordance between the two systems was approximately 70 % for classification of test results from DROPmin. Conclusions: Photo-optical sensors are promising alternatives to electro-chemical sensors for exercise oximetry, provided that miniaturisation and weight reduction of the new sensors are possible.

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