Who Can We Count On? Authority, Empowerment and Accountability in Mozambique

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.19088/ids.2021.019 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Egidio Chaimite ◽

Salvador Forquilha ◽

Alex Shankland

Keyword(s):

Public Goods ◽

Service Provision ◽

Point Of View ◽

Basic Service ◽

Goods And Services ◽

Poor Households ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

In this paper, we explore the use of a governance diaries methodology to investigate poor households’ interactions with authority in fragile, conflict and violence-affected settings in Mozambique. The research questioned the meanings of empowerment and accountability from the point of view of poor and marginalised people, with the aim of understanding what both mean for them, and how that changes over time, based on their experiences with governance. The study also sought to record how poor and marginalised households view the multiple institutions that govern their lives; providing basic public goods and services, including health and security; and, in return, raise revenues to fund these services. The findings show that, even if the perceptions and, with them, the concepts of empowerment and accountability that emerged do not differ significantly from those identified in the literature, in terms of action and mobilisation there are distinctions. In our research sites we found that people rarely mobilise, even faced with prevalent injustices and poor basic service provision. Many claim to be ‘unable’ to influence or force ‘authorities’ to respond to their concerns and demands.

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Civil Liability Resulting from Sport Referees Misjudgment

International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology ◽

10.22631/ijaep.v6i3.203 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 54-59

Author(s):

Seyed hassan Hosseinimoghaddam

Keyword(s):

Civil Law ◽

Civil Liability ◽

Point Of View ◽

Maximum Reaction ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Legal Consequences ◽

Over Time

There is no doubt that sport is helping people to have health and happiness. However, this has undergone several changes over time since but there was professional the sports mix with championship and all there phenomena. Nowadays, sport is considered as a profession and many companies and plus can see it as a business. Moreover, governments mix the scores with politics. Referees are not guaranteeing discipline in sport fields. The decisions referees make have some consequences including civil responsibilities. So, the referees are expected to make up for theor loss caused by their decisions. From this point of view the responsibilities of the referrals should be investigated to clarify the limits of their responsibilities and the extent to which they have to make up for the loss. If these limitations are not clarified the maximum reaction the referee may receive would not extend notifications of unfair decisions which may not have any legal consequences for him. The may not be responsible to the loss caused by his decisions regarding the breakdown of club properties or viewers of the match. It should be noted that the referee alone is not responsible for making up the loss and should make up for that as one of the casual elements according to the civil law and Islamic punishment rule acted in 2013.

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Tax Competition, Investment Irreversibility and the Provision of Public Goods

German Economic Review ◽

10.1111/geer.12058 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 408-421 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michele Moretto ◽

Sergio Vergalli ◽

Paolo M. Panteghini

Keyword(s):

Business Cycle ◽

Public Goods ◽

Tax Competition ◽

Capital Accumulation ◽

Business Risk ◽

Short Term ◽

The Business Cycle ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

AbstractThis article studies the effects of tax competition on the provision of public goods under business risk and partial irreversibility of investment. As will be shown, the provision of public goods changes over time and also depends on the business cycle. In particular, under source-based taxation, in the short term, public goods can be optimally provided during a downturn. The converse is true during a recovery: in this case, they are underprovided. In the long term, however, tax competition does not affect capital accumulation. This means that the provision of public goods is unaffected by taxation.

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TO THE QUESTION OF SACRED MEANINGS IN N. SABITOV’S PIANO CYCLE "SEVEN TUNES"

Arts education and science ◽

10.36871/hon.202002010 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 81-87

Author(s):

N. F. Garipova ◽

Keyword(s):

Point Of View ◽

Analytical Studies ◽

Analysis Tools ◽

Piano Cycle ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

Interest in the piano work of the Bashkir composer Nariman Sabitov especially increased on the eve of the 95th anniversary of his birth. In 2004, the author of this article published an essay on the composer’s piano cycle "Seven Tunes". However, the perception of music changes over time. This article is supplemented by analytical studies related to the development of folklore, with a special view on poetic folklore in terms of sacred, magical and mythological problems. There are interesting works in this direction. They pushed the author to re-analyze the musical content of the cycle from this point of view. The emergence of new analysis tools made it possible to supplement the composer's idea of the piano cycle and to clarify some, at first glance, contradictory composer’s solutions. An updated look at the semantics of the piano cycle, in our opinion, expands the content component of the cycle as a whole and allows the performers to enrich their own concept when performing or independently studying the composition.

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Progressive Taxation versus Progressive Targeted Transfers in the Design of a Sustainable Value Added Tax System

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su132011165 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (20) ◽

pp. 11165

Author(s):

Zhila Abshari ◽

Glenn P. Jenkins ◽

Chun-Yan Kuo ◽

Mostafa Shahee

Keyword(s):

Value Added ◽

Value Added Tax ◽

Transfer Scheme ◽

Tax System ◽

Personnel Costs ◽

Goods And Services ◽

Poor Households ◽

The Government ◽

The Impact ◽

Over Time

Value added tax (VAT) has proven to be the most stable and revenue productive of all components of the tax system. However, for such a tax system to be policy sustainable over time, taxpayers must consider it fair, and it must be viewed by the National Treasury to be productive in terms of raising substantial revenue and administratively feasible by the VAT-implementing agency. The VAT system in Belize has been a highly productive component of the revenue system, and it was designed to be progressive, but in arriving at this position, over 40% of the personnel of VAT tax administration are engaged in processing tax refunds to promote progressivity and to fight against the fraud that such a refund system incubates. This is an unsustainable position for any tax system to remain intact over time. This paper evaluates the attempt by the government of Belize to introduce progressivity into their single-rate VAT through zero rating and exemption from taxation of many goods and services that are major expenditure items of poor households. The distributional impacts are measured by a tax reform that eliminates all zero ratings except for exports and a few exemptions. By eliminating zero-rated items and significantly reducing the number of exempt items, the impact of the reform adds a regressive element, although overall, the VAT system remains progressive. However, 75% of the revenues raised by this reform would be paid by the top 40% of the income distribution. The increased revenues could finance an expansion of an existing transfer scheme that exclusively targets poor households. In addition, reforms would eliminate at least 40% of the personnel costs of administering the current VAT system.

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Sacra privata in the Roman domus Private or Public? A Study of Household Shrines in an Architectural Context at Pompeii and Ostia

Acta ad archaeologiam et artium historiam pertinentia ◽

10.5617/acta.5768 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 23 ◽

pp. 59-117

Author(s):

J. Rasmus Brandt

Keyword(s):

Point Of View ◽

Household Shrines ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

The household shrines, or lararia, in private dwelling houses at Pompeii and Ostia are discessed according to the following parameters: type of lararia and their orientation, the rooms/spaces in which the lararia appear in the house, major movement lines within the house, deep-view axes and other viewed lines, the size of the houses, and the region in which the houses are situated. The aim of this paper is forst, from a synchronic point of view, to investigate which types of lararia were placed in what architectural contexts, in a private or public position, within the house. Then a diachronic view is adopted to see if there are changes over time. A tabular catalogue of all lararia registered in private dwelling houses at Pompeii and at Ostia is appended.

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Comparison of two devices for measuring exercise transcutaneous oxygen pressures in patients with claudication

VASA ◽

10.1024/0301-1526/a000454 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 44 (5) ◽

pp. 355-362 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Marie Urban ◽

Alban Fouasson-Chailloux ◽

Isabelle Signolet ◽

Christophe Colas Ribas ◽

Mathieu Feuilloy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Pressure ◽

Optical Sensors ◽

Chemical Sensors ◽

Transcutaneous Oxygen ◽

Starting Values ◽

Two Systems ◽

Transcutaneous Oxygen Pressure ◽

New Sensors ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

Abstract. Summary: Background: We aimed at estimating the agreement between the Medicap® (photo-optical) and Radiometer® (electro-chemical) sensors during exercise transcutaneous oxygen pressure (tcpO2) tests. Our hypothesis was that although absolute starting values (tcpO2rest: mean over 2 minutes) might be different, tcpO2-changes over time and the minimal value of the decrease from rest of oxygen pressure (DROPmin) results at exercise shall be concordant between the two systems. Patients and methods: Forty seven patients with arterial claudication (65 + / - 7 years) performed a treadmill test with 5 probes each of the electro-chemical and photo-optical devices simultaneously, one of each system on the chest, on each buttock and on each calf. Results: Seventeen Medicap® probes disconnected during the tests. tcpO2rest and DROPmin values were higher with Medicap® than with Radiometer®, by 13.7 + / - 17.1 mm Hg and 3.4 + / - 11.7 mm Hg, respectively. Despite the differences in absolute starting values, changes over time were similar between the two systems. The concordance between the two systems was approximately 70 % for classification of test results from DROPmin. Conclusions: Photo-optical sensors are promising alternatives to electro-chemical sensors for exercise oximetry, provided that miniaturisation and weight reduction of the new sensors are possible.

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