Genetic and biochemical characterization of parental inbred lines in marker assisted selection for quality protein maize

Maize protein is deficient in two essential amino acids, lysine and tryptophan. Naturally occurring opaque2 (o2) mutation which increases the levels of tryptophan and lysine in the grain also confers an undesirable phenotype leading to low yields and more susceptible, soft and chalky kernels. Quality Protein Maize (QPM) is agronomically acceptable and nutritionally improved opaque2 maize. Marker assisted selection increases reliability and efficiency, reduces time and costs taken to obtain QPM. The results presented in this paper are a part of the Maize Research Insitute project on conversion of normal maize lines to QPM lines adapted for growing in temperate regions trough marker assisted backcross (MAB). Genetic and biochemical variability was analyzed between normal (ZPL 5) and QPM (CML 144) parental inbred lines and the efficiency of the three opaque2 specific SSR markers was examined. Markers phi057 and umc1066 can discriminate homozygous and heterozygous backcross progeny, thus can be used as foreground selection markers for the opaque2 gene. The genetic similarity between analyzed lines was 0.05, which confirmed good selection of parental lines for the creation of hybrids. Tryptophan content was 0.093 and QI was 0.85 in CML 144, approximately twice as high compared to 0.054 and 0.48 in ZPL 5. Both tryptophan and QI values for CML 144 were above the QPM treshold, i.e. tryptophan for 24% and QI for 0.625%, making it a suitable donor line of o2. These results represent the framework for marker assisted introgression of the quality protein trait into local maize genotype.

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Kernel modifications and tryptophan content in QPM segregating generations

Genetika ◽

10.2298/gensr1002267m ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 267-277 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dragana -Ignjatovic-Micic ◽

Goran Stankovic ◽

Ksenija Markovic ◽

Snezana Mladenovic-Drinic ◽

Vesna Lazic-Jancic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Value ◽

Agronomic Traits ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Quality Protein Maize ◽

Whole Grain ◽

Normal Maize ◽

Tryptophan Content ◽

Endosperm Hardness ◽

Modified Kernels ◽

Tryptophan Level

Maize has poor nutritional value due to deficiency of two essential amino acids - tryptophan and lysine. Although recessive opaque2 (o2) mutation significantly increases their content in the endosperm, incorporation of opaque2 into high yielding cultivars was not commercially successful, because of its numerous agronomic and processing problems due to soft endosperm. Quality protein maize - QPM has lately been introduced as opaque2 maize with improved endosperm hardness and improved agronomic traits, but mostly within tropical and subtropical germplasm. The ongoing breeding project at MRI includes improvement of MRI opaque2 lines and conversion of standard lines to QPM germplasm. The main selection steps in QPM breeding involve assessing kernel modifications and tryptophan level in each generation. Herein, we present the results of the analysis for these traits on F3 and BC1F1 generations of QPM x opaque2, opaque2 x QPM and standard lines x QPM crosses. The results showed that the majority the genotypes had kernel types 2 and 3 (good modifications). The whole grain tryptophan content in F3 and BC1F1 genotypes of crosses between QPM and opaque2 germplasm was at the quality protein level, with a few exceptions. All BC1F1 genotypes of standard lines x QPM had tryptophan content in the range of normal maize, while majority of F3 genotypes had tryptophan content at level of QPM. The progeny (with increased tryptophan levels) of QPM and opaque2 crosses had significantly higher tryptophan content compared to the progeny of crosses between standard and QPM lines - 0.098 to 0.114 and 0.080, respectively. All genotypes that had poorly modified kernels and/or low tryptophan content will be discarded from further breeding.

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Quality protein maize: QPM

Genetika ◽

10.2298/gensr0803205i ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 205-214 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Dragana Ignjatovic-Micic ◽

Goran Stankovic ◽

Ksenija Markovic ◽

Vesna Lazic-Jancic ◽

Miloje Denic

Keyword(s):

Nutritive Value ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

High Yield ◽

Quality Protein Maize ◽

Maize Production ◽

High Quality Protein ◽

Normal Maize ◽

Endosperm Protein ◽

Food And Feed

Quality protein maize (QPM) contains the opaque-2 gene along with numerous modifiers for kernel hardness. Therefore, QPM is maize with high nutritive value of endosperm protein, with substantially higher content of two essential amino acids - lysine and tryptophan, and with good agronomical performances. Although QPM was developed primarily for utilization in the regions where, because of poverty, maize is the main staple food, it has many advantages for production and consumption in other parts of the world, too. QPM can be used for production of conventional and new animal feed, as well as for human nurture. As the rate of animal weight gain is doubled with QPM and portion viability is better, a part of normal maize production could be available for other purposes, such as, for example, ethanol production. Thus, breeding QPM is set as a challenge to produce high quality protein maize with high yield and other important agronomical traits, especially with today's food and feed demands and significance of energy crisis.

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Genetic enhancement of essential amino acids for nutritional enrichment of maize protein quality through marker assisted selection

Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants ◽

10.1007/s12298-020-00897-w ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (11) ◽

pp. 2243-2254

Author(s):

Ravneet Kaur ◽

Gurleen Kaur ◽

Yogesh Vikal ◽

Gurjit Kaur Gill ◽

Sunita Sharma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Marker Assisted Selection ◽

Protein Quality ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Genetic Enhancement ◽

Maize Protein

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Effect of Extrusion on Essential Amino Acids Profile and Color of Whole-Grain Flours of Quality Protein Maize (qpm) and Normal Maize Cultivars

Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo ◽

10.18512/1980-6477/rbms.v3n1p10-20 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 10-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

M.C.D. Paes ◽

J. Maga

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Quality Protein Maize ◽

Whole Grain ◽

Maize Cultivars ◽

Normal Maize ◽

Amino Acids Profile

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Evaluation of Quality Protein Maize (QPM) Genotypes under Rainfed Mid Hill Environments of Nepal

Nepal Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.3126/njst.v10i0.2803 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

pp. 9-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

S. R. Upadhyay ◽

D. B. Gurung ◽

D. C. Paudel ◽

K. B. Koirala ◽

S. N. Sah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Single Gene ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Protein Malnutrition ◽

Quality Protein Maize ◽

Poor People ◽

Environment Interaction ◽

Food Crop ◽

Normal Maize

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the second most important staple food crop after rice and a major food crop of the resource poor people in the hills of Nepal. Prevailing normal maize (non-QPM) is deficient in two essential amino acids, lysine and tryptophan. The majority of hill farm families are suffering from protein malnutrition as their major diet is maize and cannot afford animal protein. QPM contains opaque-2, a single gene mutation that alters the protein composition of the endosperm portion and nearly double the essential amino acids concentrations than the normal maize grain. The biological value of protein in QPM maize is about 80%, that of milk is about 90% and in normal maize (non-QPM) is about 45% only. A series of experiments were conducted in RCB Design during 2004/2005 summer season and superior genotypes selected and promoted from Observation Nurseries to IYT and CVT (Coordinated Varietal Trial) respectively. CVTs were evaluated across mid-hills of Nepal. Based on four environmental mean results in CVT: the genotype S99TLWQ- HG-AB (QPM maize) produced the highest mean grain yield (4899 kg ha-1) followed by Population 44 C10 (4552 kg ha-1) and Manakamana-3 (4436 kg ha-1) respectively. However, most of the tested QPM genotypes were at par with improved check for grain yield production and significantly highest grain yielder than the farmres’ variety (local check). Concluding results revealed that the genotype S99 TLWQ-HG-AB performed very well across the mid hills. Findings of the present study will help to reduce protein malnutrition problem in the hills of Nepal.Key words: GGE-biplot; Genotype x environment interaction; Normal maize; Open pollinated varieties (OPV); Quality protein maize (QPM).DOI: 10.3126/njst.v10i0.2803Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Volume 10, 2009 December Page: 9-14

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Approaches in breeding for high quality protein maize

Genetika ◽

10.2298/gensr0803237d ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 237-247

Author(s):

Miloje Denic ◽

Pedro Chaque ◽

Pedro Fato ◽

Constantino Senete ◽

David Mariote ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Downy Mildew ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Inbred Lines ◽

Human Nutrition ◽

Stress Factors ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Quality Protein Maize ◽

Streak Virus ◽

Multiple Stress ◽

Normal Maize

Maize is the principal crop and major staple food in the most African and South American countries. The main problem in human nutrition in developing countries, and in livestock feed in developed countries, is insufficient production and poor quality of cereal proteins. In the case of maize, due to the very low content of essential amino acids lysine and tryptophan in grain endosperm, biological value is very low, which is main limiting factor of common maize in human nutrition and feeding of monogastric animals. Quality protein maize (QPM) can help in solving of this problem. Maize production also faces serious constraints caused by agro-ecological conditions and poor socio-economic situation. To alleviate the effect of the constraints, selected genotypes with more desirable traits and appropriate field-plot techniques to create multiple-stress conditions, were used. It was found that, in downy mildew nursery distance up to 35 m from spreader plot is providing sufficient down load of spores for plant infection, provided that the testing breeding materials are planted towards to down-stream direction of the dominant wind. Using these breeding approaches large number of early, white and flint synthetics, composites and inbred lines were created with resistance or tolerance to downy mildew (DMR), maize streak virus (SR) and drought (DT). Created genotypes exhibited very good kernel modification and yield potential under low and normal inputs. In the case of synthetics and composites, besides tolerance to multiple stress factors, they were competing in yield with local QPM and normal maize checks. In the case of created inbred lines high combining ability was exhibited both in non-conventional and conventional maize hybrids. Trial data revealed that in the most cases the best entries were over-yielding the best checks.

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Development of genic KASP SNP markers from RNA-Seq data for map-based cloning and marker-assisted selection in maize

BMC Plant Biology ◽

10.1186/s12870-021-02932-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zhengjie Chen ◽

Dengguo Tang ◽

Jixing Ni ◽

Peng Li ◽

Le Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Marker Assisted Selection ◽

Inbred Lines ◽

Average Density ◽

Snp Markers ◽

Data Sets ◽

Rna Seq ◽

Specific Pcr ◽

Maize Inbred Lines ◽

Allele Specific ◽

Allele Specific Pcr

Abstract Background Maize is one of the most important field crops in the world. Most of the key agronomic traits, including yield traits and plant architecture traits, are quantitative. Fine mapping of genes/ quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing a key trait is essential for marker-assisted selection (MAS) in maize breeding. However, the SNP markers with high density and high polymorphism are lacking, especially kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) SNP markers that can be used for automatic genotyping. To date, a large volume of sequencing data has been produced by the next generation sequencing technology, which provides a good pool of SNP loci for development of SNP markers. In this study, we carried out a multi-step screening method to identify kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) SNP markers based on the RNA-Seq data sets of 368 maize inbred lines. Results A total of 2,948,985 SNPs were identified in the high-throughput RNA-Seq data sets with the average density of 1.4 SNP/kb. Of these, 71,311 KASP SNP markers (the average density of 34 KASP SNP/Mb) were developed based on the strict criteria: unique genomic region, bi-allelic, polymorphism information content (PIC) value ≥0.4, and conserved primer sequences, and were mapped on 16,161 genes. These 16,161 genes were annotated to 52 gene ontology (GO) terms, including most of primary and secondary metabolic pathways. Subsequently, the 50 KASP SNP markers with the PIC values ranging from 0.14 to 0.5 in 368 RNA-Seq data sets and with polymorphism between the maize inbred lines 1212 and B73 in in silico analysis were selected to experimentally validate the accuracy and polymorphism of SNPs, resulted in 46 SNPs (92.00%) showed polymorphism between the maize inbred lines 1212 and B73. Moreover, these 46 polymorphic SNPs were utilized to genotype the other 20 maize inbred lines, with all 46 SNPs showing polymorphism in the 20 maize inbred lines, and the PIC value of each SNP was 0.11 to 0.50 with an average of 0.35. The results suggested that the KASP SNP markers developed in this study were accurate and polymorphic. Conclusions These high-density polymorphic KASP SNP markers will be a valuable resource for map-based cloning of QTL/genes and marker-assisted selection in maize. Furthermore, the method used to develop SNP markers in maize can also be applied in other species.

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Yields of mixtures of single-cross hybrid field beans (Viciafaba L.) with one of the parental inbred lines

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600068325 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 67 (2) ◽

pp. 235-237 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

D. A. Bond ◽

J. L. Fyfe ◽

Gillian Toynbee-Clarke

Keyword(s):

Inbred Lines ◽

The Other ◽

Normal Rate ◽

Single Cross ◽

Parental Inbred ◽

The Mean ◽

Field Beans

The yields of seed from a hybrid, one of its parents and different mixtures of the hybrid and parent were compared in the case of two different hybrids. Open-pollinated controls were included in the trial, which was sown at about the normal rate for beans. With both hybrids a mixture of 11 of hybrid to 1 of parent yielded as well as the hybrid itself and mixtures of 2 of hybrid to 1 of parent yielded in both cases about 7 cwt./acro more than the mean of the open-pollinated controls. With the higher-yielding hybrid, which had less contrast in vegetative vigour between hybrid and parent, mixtures in the proportions 5:1 and 2:1 showed declining yields, but with the other hybrid they yielded as well as the pure hybrid.

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