scholarly journals Central nervous system lesions leading to disability

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dejan Popovic ◽  
Thomas Sinkjær
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Motor Systems ◽  
Surface Electrodes ◽  
Sensory Motor ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
High Level ◽  
Artificial Control

The introductory tutorial to this special issue was written for readers with engineering background with the aim to provide the basis for comprehending better the natural motor control and the terminology used in description of impairments and disability caused by to CNS injuries and diseases. The tutorial aims to emphasize the differences between natural and artificial control, complexity of sensory-motor systems in humans, the high level of articulation redundancy, and the fact that all of the said systems are modified after the central nervous system lesion. We hope that the tutorial will simplify the following of the subsequent papers in this special issue dedicated to the use of electrical stimulation with surface electrodes for assisting motor functions.

scholarly journals The role of personal anxiety in the development of psychophysiological indicators in adolescent athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
A. A. Makarova ◽  
O. A. Kharkova
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral ◽  
Adolescent Athletes ◽  
Personal Anxiety ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
High Level

Objective: to study the role of personal anxiety in the development of psychophysiological indicators in adolescent athletes.Materials and methods. To study the prevalence of high levels of personal anxiety (hereinafter — LT), as well as to determine the characteristics of psychophysiological indicators, the study involved 23 teenagers — boys and girls who were representatives of different sports. Using the device for psychophysiological testing UPFT-1/30 “Psychophysiologist”, indicators of simple visual-motor reaction and the level of LT on the Spielberg scale were obtained. To assess the impact of changes in high LT levels on psychophysiological indicators, 14 adolescent athletes with a high level of personal anxiety were selected and then divided into 2 groups. The experimental group included adolescents who wanted to participate in an experiment on the use of cognitive behavioral therapy techniques to correct high LT levels; the control group included adolescents with high LT levels who were not trained in cognitive behavioral therapy techniques.Results. Every third adolescent athlete had a high level of LT. Adolescent athletes with a high LT level, in contrast to adolescents with an optimal LT level, were less efficient, and, despite a shorter minimum reaction time, made more mistakes. The dynamics of psychophysiological indicators were observed both in the group with intervention and in the group where no cognitive behavioral therapy techniques were performed; however, after studying the difference in the physiological parameters of the central nervous system in the group where there was a change in LT, and in the group where LT either did not change or increased, we found positive changes. Changes in the LT level led to a decrease in the average reaction time, the minimum reaction time, and an increase in the level of stability of reactions.Conclusions. A high level of LT affects the psychophysiological parameters of the central nervous system in adolescent athletes. The use of cognitive behavioral therapy techniques to normalize the LT level of adolescent athletes leads to an improvement in the physiological parameters of the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Therapeutic electrical stimulation of the central nervous system

2005 ◽  
Vol 328 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alim-Louis Benabid ◽  
Bradley Wallace ◽  
John Mitrofanis ◽  
Celine Xia ◽  
Brigitte Piallat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Stimulation Of

Motivational and Perceptual Aspects of Subcortical Stimulation in Cats

1958 ◽  
Vol 194 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold C. Nielson ◽  
Robert W. Doty ◽  
Lester T. Rutledge
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Minute Period ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Subcortical Stimulation ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Central Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

Reports of others that animals will seek electrical stimulation of certain regions of the central nervous system are confirmed. A method is presented whereby these ‘motivational’ aspects of central stimulation can be analyzed and shown to be capable of change by training and to have a different threshold from the animal's ‘perception’ of this stimulation. Cats were trained to press a bar to receive pellets of meat. When each bar-press was accompanied by stimulation through electrodes implanted in the caudate nucleus or anterior hypothalamus, the animals continued pressing. If the press was paired with stimulation of the septal or habenular regions, pressing was abolished. Foot-shock paired with pressing also produced avoidance but pairing with a startling buzzer did not. Caudatal stimulation of 0.2 ma, 50/sec., 2-msec. pulses, was adequate as conditional stimulus to establish conditioned foreleg flexions to avoid an electric shock. Subsequent to the latter training two animals would no longer press the bar if pressing resulted in caudatal stimulation. Other cats would press as often as 1000 times in a 20-minute period to obtain caudatal stimulation if it were allowed at rapid rates and intensities five times that required to evoke conditioned flexion reflexes. The evidence suggests that avidity develops for stimulation of certain neural structures only if the stimulus is adequate to initiate some form of excessive, seizure-like activity.

scholarly journals Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms in Erythrocytes and in the Central Nervous System

Antioxidants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Franco ◽  
Gemma Navarro ◽  
Eva Martínez-Pinilla
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
High Level

Differential antioxidant action is found upon comparison of organ/tissue systems in the human body. In erythrocytes (red blood cells), which transport oxygen and carbon dioxide through the circulatory system, the most important issue is to keep hemoglobin in a functional state that requires maintaining the haem group in ferrous (Fe2+) state. Conversion of oxidized Fe3+ back into Fe2+ in hemoglobin needs a special mechanism involving a tripeptide glutathione, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glucose and NADPH as suppliers of reducing power. Fava beans are probably a good resource to make the detox innate system more robust as the pro-oxidant molecules in this food likely induce the upregulation of members of such mechanisms. The central nervous system consumes more oxygen than the majority of human tissues, i.e., 20% of the body’s total oxygen consumption and, therefore, it is exposed to a high level of oxidative stress. This fact, together with the progressive age-related decline in the efficiency of the antioxidant defense system, leads to neuronal death and disease. The innate mechanism operating in the central nervous system is not well known and seems different to that of the erythrocytes. The strategies of antioxidant intervention in brain will be reviewed here.

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