scholarly journals Indebtedness and mercantilism

2009 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Paul Guichard
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Open Economy ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Domestic Demand ◽  
The Other ◽  
Closed Economy ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

In a closed economy, the growth of the GDP is equal to the net indebtedness (the increase of indebtedness) of it agents from one period to another, which allows current demand to be greater than the income of the preceding quarter. In an open economy, we must add to that the net indebtedness of the totality of foreign agents in operation: the currencies corresponding to the foreign trade balance. Depending on the sign of these two kinds of net indebtedness, positive or negative, a classification of countries can be made: mainly mercantilist countries that enjoy a foreign surplus, on the one hand, and 'Keynesian' countries running a deficit, whose growth is founded upon domestic demand, on the other hand.

Teoria neo-keynesiana e aspettative razionali in economia aperta*

1985 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-123
Author(s):  
Enrico Colombatto
Keyword(s):  
Open Economy ◽  
Capital Market ◽  
Rational Expectations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Closed Economy ◽  
Classical Economics ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Goods Market ◽  
The One

Abstract The introductory paragraph is devoted to the outline of the role of the rational expectations (r.e.) element within the Keynesian, the Monetarist and the New-Classical-Economics framework; in all such cases the closed-economy version only is taken into account.The second part of the article, on the other hand, is devoted to the analysis of an open-economy framework, where the consequences of the r.e. hypothesis are analysed in greater depth. In short, two groups of aspects are stressed: on the one hand, considerable attention is given to the importance and the analysis of the velocity of anticipation and of adjustment, both on the goods market and on the capital market; on the other, the dimensions and the frequence of the eventual distortions which arise in the neo-Keynesian and in the Monetarist cases are examined. The results yielded by the analysis carried out within both groups of aspects are then compared with the results obtained from a New-Classical viewpoint. The role of the alternative classes of expectations - apart from the r. e. case - is taken into account as well.

X.—Other Dialectal Forms in Tennessee

PMLA ◽  
1891 ◽  
Vol 6 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 171-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calvin S. Brown
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The South ◽  
Modern Language ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Trace Back ◽  
Complete Survey ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

The subject of this paper as announced some time ago in the programme of this convention, is not exactly the one which it should bear. In a former paper, published in the Modern Language Notes, I tried to trace back a number of our peculiar words and speech usages to an earlier period of the language, using Shakespeare as a basis. In the present paper this method of procedure has been attempted only incidentally. In other words, I invite your attention to a study of a few of the peculiarities of the language as found in Tennessee, regardless of their origin and history. It is not to be supposed, however, that the forms pointed out are limited to one particular state or to a small territory. On the other hand, most of them are found throughout the larger portion of the South, and many of them are common over the whole country. Nothing like a complete survey of the field, or a strict classification of the material gathered, has been attempted, and many of the words treated have been discussed by others. A few cases of bad pronunciation have been noticed, rather as an index of characteristic custom than as showing anything new.

The Aristotelian Categories

1925 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
The Other ◽  
Precise Position ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
The Mind

The precise position to be assigned to the Categories in the Aristotelian system has always been somewhat of a puzzle. On the one hand, they seem to be worked into the warp of its texture, as in the classification of change, and Aristotle can argue from the premiss that they constitute an exhaustive division of the kinds of Being (An. Post. I. 22, p. 83 b 15). On the other hand, both in the completed scheme of his logic and in his constructive metaphysic they retire into the background, giving place to other notions, such as causation, change, actuality and potentiality. Investigation has, moreover, been hampered, especially in Germany, by attempts to correlate them with the Kantian Categories, with which they have obvious points of contact. But Kant's formal a priori concepts by which the mind makes for itself a world, to use Mr. Bosanquet's phrase, imply an attitude to knowledge and reality so utterly opposed to the Aristotelian that the comparison has tended to confusion rather than elucidation. Scholars now realize better that the Aristotelian Categories can only be understood in connexion with the problems of Aristotle's own age.

scholarly journals Classification of responsibilities according to the teachings of I. Kant

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
T. Popovych
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Species Classification ◽  
Moral Self ◽  
Subjective Criterion ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One

The article is devoted to the disclosure of the species classification of obligations according to I. Kant`s doctrine. It has been studied that all obligations, in I. Kant`s opinion, can be or legal or moral. The German thinker divides obligations based on the following criteria. The first criterion is the objective attitude of the law to the obligation. These are perfect and imperfect obligations, which include the obligation to oneself and the obligation to others. The second criterion for the division of obligations is the subjective attitude to the obligated subject. The author emphasizes that the thinker also identifies the possibility of dividing the human obligations to oneself on the basis of objective and subjective criteria. According to objective criteria, obligations can be negative or positive. Negatives are those that mean only moral self-preservation. Positive obligations lead to self-improvement. According to subjective criterion, Kant divides obligations into those which concern only the human animal nature and those which concern man as a moral being. The article also draws attention to the philosopher's classification of human obligations to others into several subgroups: human obligations to others only as people; human obligations to others out of respect for them, which they deserve; human obligations to others in terms of their position. Human obligations to others only as to people are concentrated by the thinker around the phenomena of love and respect. Human obligations to others out of respect for them, which they deserve, are reciprocal, that is, the person, on the one hand, can demand respect from others, and on the other hand, this person must treat others with respect. Human obligations s to others in terms of their position should be seen not so much as obligations, but as rules that change depending on the subjects of the principle of virtue to the cases that occur in experience.

scholarly journals A lexical account of Sorani Kurdish prepositions

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pollet Samvelian
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Non Local ◽  
The One

In Sorani Kurdish dialects, the complement of a preposition can generally be realized either as a syntactic item (NP, independent pronoun or PP) or a bound personal morpheme (clitic/affix). However, the affixal realization of the complement gives rise to a range of specific phenomena. First, some prepositions display two different phonological forms depending on the realization of their complement: the variant combining with a syntactic item is referred to as ˋsimple', while the variant combining with an affixal complement is called ˋabsolute'. Furthermore, unlike syntactic complements, which are always realized locally, the affixal complement of an absolute preposition can have a non-local realization, attaching to a host with which it has no morphosyntactic relations. In order to deal with these facts, this paper proposes a classification of Sorani prepositions along two lines: the affixal versus non-affixal realization of the complement on the one hand and its local versus non-local realization on the other hand. All cases of non-local realization receive a lexical account, either in terms of argument composition or in terms of linearization constraints on domain objects.

Leonhard's Classification of Schizophrenia

1958 ◽  
Vol 104 (437) ◽  
pp. 943-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Fish
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Picture ◽  
History Of Psychiatry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Clinical Pictures ◽  
Preparatory Work

Jaspers (1946) has pointed out that in the history of psychiatry one can distinguish two main types of psychiatrist. On the one hand there is the describer who depicts a lively clear clinical picture and communicates it to the reader in everyday speech. On the other hand there is the analyst who dissects the clinical picture and tries to obtain clear concepts about the abnormal phenomena. The describer is always popular because little effort is required to understand his views and appreciate his clinical descriptions. However it is much more difficult to understand the analyst as this requires time-consuming preparatory work and an attempt to apply the analyst's views in practice. Thus anyone who wishes to understand the views of Kleist and Leonhard, who are the modern representatives of the great clinical analyst Carl Wernicke, has a difficult task. If therefore this present communication appears to disagree with other work recently published by the author (Fish, 1957b, 1958) then all that can be said in extenuation is that the analysis of clinical pictures is difficult and one can only achieve accuracy in this field by learning from mistakes.

scholarly journals DYNAMIC AND STRUCTURAL DISPROPORTATIONS OF THE BALANCE IN FOREIGN TRADE IN TEXTILE GOODS OF THE EAEU AND BELARUS

2022 ◽  
pp. 19-29
Author(s):  
К. Bykau
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The Other ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Mutual Trade ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Key Indicators ◽  
Trade Partners

The article is devoted to the study of the balance of foreign trade in textile goods (C13) in two directions: on the one hand, the EAEU in mutual trade and with third countries, on the other hand, Belarus in mutual trade with the EAEU member states and third countries. A comparative analysis of the dynamics and changes in the structure of key indicators of foreign trade in the context of the main commodity groups, goods and key foreign trade partners has been carried out. The author identified the reasons and factors that have a negative impact on the dynamics of the balance of foreign trade in textiles between the EAEU and Belarus in order to make management decisions.

Criminal Omissions: Some Relevant Distinctions

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 452-469
Author(s):  
Jesúús-Maríía Silva Sáánchez
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Legal Literature ◽  
The One

The prevailing theory in continental European and Latin American legal literature distinguishes two kinds of punishable omissions: the simple (or "authentic," "genuine") omission and the "inauthentic" or "pseudo" omission (also known as commission by omission, comisióón por omisióón). In this article a tripartite classification of crimes of omission is proposed. On the one hand, there are crimes of omission that are identical to cases of active commission (for which we should reserve the term of commission by omission). These are based on the idea of responsibility for one's own organization. On the other hand, there are simple crimes of omission in which we punish a breach of a duty of minimum solidarity toward our fellow citizens. Somewhere between these two categories lies a third type of aggravated crimes of omission that are based on liability for a breach of a duty of qualified solidarity (derived from specific institutions or relationships between people). Moreover, this threefold classification is based on the idea that differences between such omissions are a matter of degree.

scholarly journals Types of Words Meanings that Define the Cardinal Points

2020 ◽  
pp. 174-187
Author(s):  
R. Ye. Telpov
Keyword(s):  
Proper Names ◽  
The Other ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Special Position ◽  
North East ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Russian North ◽  
The One

The semantic structure of words that define the cardinal points is considered. Words of this type are of interest, on the one hand, as words embodying the most archetypal ideas about space, on the other hand, as lexemes in the structure of compound names of territories that have not received an official administrative status, but have distinct historical, cultural or socio-political characteristics (Russian North, East of Ukraine, etc.). The author proposes the classification of the components of the semantic structure of such words, developed by him, concludes that this structure is heterogeneous, that it is consistently realized in two meanings that are reflected in their lexicographic description: vector and territorial. The author draws attention to the fact that the territorial significance, in turn, is also subdivided into two types - general territorial and private territorial. The author emphasizes that the meaning of the names of the cardinal points should be considered private-territorial if they serve as a nomination for completely certain territorial entities that have a socio-political or cultural-historical originality. The author comes to the conclusion that, functioning in particular-territorial meanings, the names of the cardinal points are close to proper names: macrotoponyms and khoronyms, but they retain a special position among khoronyms and toponyms.

scholarly journals OBLIGATIONES QUASI EX DELICTO (MALEFICIO) ZE STUDIÓW NAD ŹRÓDŁAMI ZOBOWIĄZAŃ W PRAWIE RZYMSKIM

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Tomasz Palmirski
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Exact Number ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

OBLIGATIONES QUASI EX DELICTO . FROM THE RESEARCH ON THE SOURCES OF OBLIGATIONS IN THE ROMAN LAWSummary There is scarce literature on the sources of Roman obligatio. The opinions presented therein are very often contradictory, mostly because this issue was variously defined in the Roman law. On the one hand, Gaius in his Institutiones, which he wrote in the middle of the 2nd century AD, claimed that every obligation is derived from either ex contractu or ex delicto. Whereas on the other hand, Justinian’s Institutiones, constituting part of his codifications from the 6th century AD, divided the sources of obligations into four types, supplementing Gaius’ division with obligationes quasi ex contractu and quasi ex delicto (maleficio). The above issue is analysed in the first part of this article, where the attempts (made by Ulpian and Modestinus, as well as by the author of Res cottidianae) to supplement the classification of the sources of obligations proposed by Gaius are also presented. Gaius’ classification, which proved useful for the didactic goals, has become insufficient in the course of time.In the Gaian and Justinian tradition concerning the sources of obligations there are two elements which spark controversy. The first one is the meaning ascribed to the term contractus in Gaius’ Institutiones. Another questionable matter is quasi-de\ictsy since a range of various hypotheses exists in the doctrine of the Roman jurists concerning the criteria regarding this type of liability. This issue is discussed in the second part of the article. Analysing the above mentioned sources, the author comes to a conclusion that out of all theories set forth until now, the only valid one is the theory which assumes the so-called - in modern terminology (objective liability as a basis of quasi-delicts. He also notes that the question of the exact number of cases which could be included into this category still remains open, since different cases of the so-called objective liability existed and they are not called quasi-deX\cts in the sources.

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