scholarly journals Types of Words Meanings that Define the Cardinal Points

2020 ◽  
pp. 174-187
Author(s):  
R. Ye. Telpov
Keyword(s):  
Proper Names ◽  
The Other ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Special Position ◽  
North East ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Russian North ◽  
The One

The semantic structure of words that define the cardinal points is considered. Words of this type are of interest, on the one hand, as words embodying the most archetypal ideas about space, on the other hand, as lexemes in the structure of compound names of territories that have not received an official administrative status, but have distinct historical, cultural or socio-political characteristics (Russian North, East of Ukraine, etc.). The author proposes the classification of the components of the semantic structure of such words, developed by him, concludes that this structure is heterogeneous, that it is consistently realized in two meanings that are reflected in their lexicographic description: vector and territorial. The author draws attention to the fact that the territorial significance, in turn, is also subdivided into two types - general territorial and private territorial. The author emphasizes that the meaning of the names of the cardinal points should be considered private-territorial if they serve as a nomination for completely certain territorial entities that have a socio-political or cultural-historical originality. The author comes to the conclusion that, functioning in particular-territorial meanings, the names of the cardinal points are close to proper names: macrotoponyms and khoronyms, but they retain a special position among khoronyms and toponyms.

scholarly journals Grammaticalization of syntactic conflict resolution: Asymmetric constructions

2013 ◽  
pp. 115-135
Author(s):  
I.M. Boguslavskij
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Intermediate Position ◽  
The Other ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
The Core ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Principal Property ◽  
The One

We consider Russian coordinative constructions with paired conjunctions, such as i?i ?both?and?, ili?ili ?either?or?, ni?ni ?neither?nor?, ne tol'ko?no i ?not only?but also?, ne?a ?not?but?, etc. The paper presents a class of syntactic constructions, so-called asymmetric constructions, which are interesting in several respects. They are closely related to coordinative constructions, although they do not share their principal property - the identity of syntactic functions of coordinated elements. They take up an intermediate position between standard syntax and ungrammaticality. On the one hand, the sentence is within the grammatical norm. On the other hand, its structure underwent a deformation that left a trace. We propose a description that accounts for their closeness to and difference from standard - symmetric - constructions. Symmetric constructions with paired conjunctions are convenient to describe as a result of two transformations occurring in the semantic structure: Deletion and Transfer. Asymmetric constructions are obtained when only one of these transformations is applied. Accordingly, two subclasses of asymmetric constructions can be distinguished - ?Deletion-Without-Transfer? constructions and ?Transfer-Without-Deletion? constructions. The latter class has a strong pragmatic marking. The core of this class are ?failed? symmetric constructions. The speaker begins to build a symmetric construction but faces an obstacle of syntactic nature, which prevents him from completing this plan. ?Transfer-Without-Deletion? constructions constitute a legalized way of overcoming syntactic conflicts.

X.—Other Dialectal Forms in Tennessee

PMLA ◽  
1891 ◽  
Vol 6 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 171-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calvin S. Brown
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The South ◽  
Modern Language ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Trace Back ◽  
Complete Survey ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

The subject of this paper as announced some time ago in the programme of this convention, is not exactly the one which it should bear. In a former paper, published in the Modern Language Notes, I tried to trace back a number of our peculiar words and speech usages to an earlier period of the language, using Shakespeare as a basis. In the present paper this method of procedure has been attempted only incidentally. In other words, I invite your attention to a study of a few of the peculiarities of the language as found in Tennessee, regardless of their origin and history. It is not to be supposed, however, that the forms pointed out are limited to one particular state or to a small territory. On the other hand, most of them are found throughout the larger portion of the South, and many of them are common over the whole country. Nothing like a complete survey of the field, or a strict classification of the material gathered, has been attempted, and many of the words treated have been discussed by others. A few cases of bad pronunciation have been noticed, rather as an index of characteristic custom than as showing anything new.

scholarly journals Stratal phonology and Russian morphophonology

Rhema ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 36-55
Author(s):  
Pavel V. Iosad
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Lexical Phonology

This paper analyses a fragment of the morphophonological grammar of Russian, namely the so-called e ~ ’о alternation, within a Lexical Phonology-style stratal model. The aim is to demonstrate that the rule shows a range of properties usually associated with stem-level phonology. Thus, on the one hand, Russian data provides further support for a stratal model of morphophonology, and on the other hand stratal models appear to be a productive approach to Russian morphophonological alternations that explicitly links morphophonology with both phonological patterns and the morphological and semantic structure of Russian words.

Ke Vztahu Slovotvorného, Potenciálního A Lexikálního Významu V Lexikografickém Popisu Desubstantivních Vztahových Adjektiv

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 486-496
Author(s):  
Pavla Kochová
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Property ◽  
Total Loss ◽  
The Other ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The relationship between the word­formation meaning and the lexical meaning on the one hand and the relationship between potentiality and reality of the lexical meaning on the other hand belongs to the topics repeatedly dealt with by Klára Buzássyová. In her studies she also stated that the assessment of the word­formation meaning and the lexical meaning is a task for lexicographers (and a task of lexicographic treatment of the vocabulary). Denominal relational adjectives still represent a lexicographic challenge in terms of treating their (real) lexical meaning. Their word­formation meaning is general: ‘relating to the fact denoted by the motivating word’. Their lexical meaning is given by the relation to the motivating noun or the motivating multi­word unit (the polysemantic structure of the motivating noun is thus indicated in the semantic structure of the adjective) and by the reference to the governing noun (collocability of relational adjectives as a consequence of their dominant use in the attributive position, i.e. in adjective­substantive combinations, is also expressed in their semantic structure). The lexical meaning of denominal relational adjectives is also influenced by the lexicalization process, e.g. by the accumulation of semantic elements on their systemic qualificative meaning (the characteristic property meaning and comparative meaning), leading sometimes to the total loss of connection with the motivating noun.

scholarly journals Proper name-marking via liaison in French

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-652
Author(s):  
Natascha Pomino ◽  
Elisabeth Stark
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
The Other ◽  
Linguistic Change ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Relevant Point ◽  
Proper Name ◽  
The One

Abstract The liaison consonant [z] in French noun phrases has traditionally been assumed to function as a plural marker. The realization of “plural [z]” in N(oun)-A(djective)-combinations is becoming, however, very rare in naturalistic data – except for contexts which allow a proper-name reading. On the one hand, one might think that we are dealing with a recent phenomenon, the beginning of a potential linguistic change in French in the sense of exaptation, reuse of former morphophonological material such as plural markers to signal proper-namehood in the sense of ‘frozen morphology’. If this turns out correct, we expect the productivity of the new synchronic function to increase: New NA-combinations which function as proper names should be realized systematically with liaison, and proper name-marking via liaison should also become possible with other liaison consonants. On the other hand, we may be dealing with a (completed) diachronic process, in that only those NA-combinations which allowed liaison at the relevant point in time may have a liaison consonant in their univerbalized form. That is, new NA-combinations, even though they are used as proper names, do not display a liaison consonant, because liaison is no longer possible. The purpose of this paper was to investigate, based on empirical studies, whether liaison productively marks NA-combinations which function as proper names and distinguishes them from NA-combinations that count as common nouns, or whether we are dealing with a completed diachronic process. In view of the poor productivity observed, we argue that we are dealing with cases of univerbation.

The Aristotelian Categories

1925 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
The Other ◽  
Precise Position ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
The Mind

The precise position to be assigned to the Categories in the Aristotelian system has always been somewhat of a puzzle. On the one hand, they seem to be worked into the warp of its texture, as in the classification of change, and Aristotle can argue from the premiss that they constitute an exhaustive division of the kinds of Being (An. Post. I. 22, p. 83 b 15). On the other hand, both in the completed scheme of his logic and in his constructive metaphysic they retire into the background, giving place to other notions, such as causation, change, actuality and potentiality. Investigation has, moreover, been hampered, especially in Germany, by attempts to correlate them with the Kantian Categories, with which they have obvious points of contact. But Kant's formal a priori concepts by which the mind makes for itself a world, to use Mr. Bosanquet's phrase, imply an attitude to knowledge and reality so utterly opposed to the Aristotelian that the comparison has tended to confusion rather than elucidation. Scholars now realize better that the Aristotelian Categories can only be understood in connexion with the problems of Aristotle's own age.

scholarly journals Classification of responsibilities according to the teachings of I. Kant

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
T. Popovych
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Species Classification ◽  
Moral Self ◽  
Subjective Criterion ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One

The article is devoted to the disclosure of the species classification of obligations according to I. Kant`s doctrine. It has been studied that all obligations, in I. Kant`s opinion, can be or legal or moral. The German thinker divides obligations based on the following criteria. The first criterion is the objective attitude of the law to the obligation. These are perfect and imperfect obligations, which include the obligation to oneself and the obligation to others. The second criterion for the division of obligations is the subjective attitude to the obligated subject. The author emphasizes that the thinker also identifies the possibility of dividing the human obligations to oneself on the basis of objective and subjective criteria. According to objective criteria, obligations can be negative or positive. Negatives are those that mean only moral self-preservation. Positive obligations lead to self-improvement. According to subjective criterion, Kant divides obligations into those which concern only the human animal nature and those which concern man as a moral being. The article also draws attention to the philosopher's classification of human obligations to others into several subgroups: human obligations to others only as people; human obligations to others out of respect for them, which they deserve; human obligations to others in terms of their position. Human obligations to others only as to people are concentrated by the thinker around the phenomena of love and respect. Human obligations to others out of respect for them, which they deserve, are reciprocal, that is, the person, on the one hand, can demand respect from others, and on the other hand, this person must treat others with respect. Human obligations s to others in terms of their position should be seen not so much as obligations, but as rules that change depending on the subjects of the principle of virtue to the cases that occur in experience.

scholarly journals A lexical account of Sorani Kurdish prepositions

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pollet Samvelian
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Non Local ◽  
The One

In Sorani Kurdish dialects, the complement of a preposition can generally be realized either as a syntactic item (NP, independent pronoun or PP) or a bound personal morpheme (clitic/affix). However, the affixal realization of the complement gives rise to a range of specific phenomena. First, some prepositions display two different phonological forms depending on the realization of their complement: the variant combining with a syntactic item is referred to as ˋsimple', while the variant combining with an affixal complement is called ˋabsolute'. Furthermore, unlike syntactic complements, which are always realized locally, the affixal complement of an absolute preposition can have a non-local realization, attaching to a host with which it has no morphosyntactic relations. In order to deal with these facts, this paper proposes a classification of Sorani prepositions along two lines: the affixal versus non-affixal realization of the complement on the one hand and its local versus non-local realization on the other hand. All cases of non-local realization receive a lexical account, either in terms of argument composition or in terms of linearization constraints on domain objects.

Leonhard's Classification of Schizophrenia

1958 ◽  
Vol 104 (437) ◽  
pp. 943-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Fish
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Picture ◽  
History Of Psychiatry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Clinical Pictures ◽  
Preparatory Work

Jaspers (1946) has pointed out that in the history of psychiatry one can distinguish two main types of psychiatrist. On the one hand there is the describer who depicts a lively clear clinical picture and communicates it to the reader in everyday speech. On the other hand there is the analyst who dissects the clinical picture and tries to obtain clear concepts about the abnormal phenomena. The describer is always popular because little effort is required to understand his views and appreciate his clinical descriptions. However it is much more difficult to understand the analyst as this requires time-consuming preparatory work and an attempt to apply the analyst's views in practice. Thus anyone who wishes to understand the views of Kleist and Leonhard, who are the modern representatives of the great clinical analyst Carl Wernicke, has a difficult task. If therefore this present communication appears to disagree with other work recently published by the author (Fish, 1957b, 1958) then all that can be said in extenuation is that the analysis of clinical pictures is difficult and one can only achieve accuracy in this field by learning from mistakes.

scholarly journals Affirmation Modality in Bulgarian, Macedonian and Serbian

2015 ◽  
pp. 279-296
Author(s):  
Marcin Grygiel
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Additional Component ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Status ◽  
The One ◽  
Compare And Contrast

Affirmation Modality in Bulgarian, Macedonian and SerbianIn the case of affirmation modality the speakers transform their utterances by stressing or attributing a positive value as an additional component added to the semantic structure of a proposition. This type of affirmative polarization is triggered in opposition to negation or hypothetically negative contexts. The goal of the present paper is twofold: on the one hand to compare and contrast affirmative periphrastic constructions in Bulgarian, Macedonian and Serbian and, on the other hand, to ascertain what these constructions reveal regarding the organization of grammatical categories in general and the status of affirmation modality as a coherent and homogenous category with a linguistic validity.

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