The effect of exercise during sport training on levels of salivary diagnostic markers

Introduction/Objective. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in concentrations of urea, creatinine, uric acid, proteins, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK) and salivary amylase in saliva samples collected before, immediately after and 30 minutes after physical activity performed during basketball and mixed martial arts (MMA) training. Methods. Twenty-two athletes, 11 basketball players and 11 mixed martial arts (MMA) fighters, 18 men and four women, aged 15-24 years, participated in the study. Saliva samples were collected using sterile saliva containers (Salivette?) from all participants before training (sample 1), immediately after (sample 2) and 30 minutes after training (sample 3). The levels of all investigated biomarkers were measured spectrophotometrically using a biochemical analyzer. Results. Statistically significant differences were present among samples 1, 2 and, 3 in the concentrations of urea, AST and CK in samples collected from MMA fighters (Friedman test). Among three samples taken from basketball players, the significant differences were not observed for the analyzed parameters. When concentrations of all diagnostic markers were compared between basketball and MMA independently for samples 1, 2 and 3, statistically significant differences (Mann-Whitney U test) existed in concentrations of urea, uric acid, proteins and AST. Conclusion. Based on the results of the present study, the influence of the exercise on the levels of salivary diagnostic markers, such as urea, AST and CK, is more evident during MMA than basketball training. Saliva composition of MMA fighters and basketball players differ in terms of levels of urea, uric acid, proteins and AST.

Download Full-text

Mixed Martial Arts: History, Physiology and Training Aspects

The Open Sports Sciences Journal ◽

10.2174/1875399x01508010001 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Tácito P. Souza-Junior ◽

Bernardo N. Ide ◽

Jeffer E. Sasaki ◽

Rafael F. Lima ◽

Cesar C. C. Abad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Martial Arts ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Exercise Physiology ◽

Scientific Information ◽

Training Methods ◽

Power Training ◽

Mixed Martial Arts ◽

Meaningful Information ◽

And Training ◽

Review Current

Objective: The purpose of this study was to review current knowledge on exercise physiology and sports training that can be applied to develop training programs for Mixed Martial Arts. Methods: A non-systematic literature review was conducted to search for articles related to history, physiology and training of Mixed Martial Arts and other Martial Arts such as Judo, Wrestling, Jiu-Jitsu, and Karate. A review on aerobic, anaerobic, strength and power training was also conducted and directly related to Mixed Martial Arts training. Results: There is scarce scientific information about training methods and physiological responses to specific efforts in Mixed Martial Arts. Many studies were reviewed and meaningful information on physiology and training were summarized for application in Mixed Martial Arts. Conclusion: The present study provides a review on important physiology and training aspects for successful preparation of Mixed Martial Arts athletes.

Download Full-text

Biochemical profile in mixed martial arts athletes

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.12708 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

pp. e12708

Author(s):

Łukasz Marcin Tota ◽

Szczepan Stanisław Wiecha

Keyword(s):

Creatine Kinase ◽

Uric Acid ◽

Tumor Necrosis Factor ◽

Martial Arts ◽

Tumor Necrosis ◽

Kinase Activity ◽

Creatine Kinase Activity ◽

Mixed Martial Arts ◽

Biochemical Indicators ◽

Necrosis Factor

The study aimed to evaluate changes in selected biochemical indicators among mixed martial arts competitors in subsequent periods of the training cycle. The research involved 12 mixed martial arts athletes aged 25.8 ± 4.2 years competing in the intermediate category. Selected somatic indicators were measured twice. Biochemical indicators were assessed five times during the 14-week study period. Serum concentrations of testosterone, cortisol, uric acid, myoglobin, total protein, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor, as well as creatine kinase activity were determined. One hour after sparring completion, there were significant increases in cortisol (by 54.9%), uric acid (22.0%), myoglobin (565.0%), and interleukin 6 (280.3%) as compared with the values before the simulated fight. The highest creatine kinase activity (893.83 ± 139.31 U/l), as well as tumor necrosis factor (3.93 ± 0.71 pg/ml) and testosterone (5.83 ± 0.81 ng/ml) concentrations (p = 0.00) were recorded 24 hours after the simulation. Systematic observation of selected blood biochemical indicators in the training process periodization in mixed martial arts helps understand adaptive, compensatory, and regenerative mechanisms occurring in training athletes.

Download Full-text

Physiological Aspects and Injuries in Mixed Martial Arts

Acta Facultatis Educationis Physicae Universitatis Comenianae ◽

10.2478/afepuc-2019-0001 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 59 (1) ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Petr Schlegel ◽

Adam Křehký

Keyword(s):

Martial Arts ◽

Upper Body ◽

Training Methods ◽

Mixed Martial Arts ◽

Metabolic Markers ◽

Injury Rates ◽

Performance Requirements ◽

Body Strength ◽

Upper Body Strength

Summary Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) has become an independent sport discipline with its own distinctive aspects. It can no longer be perceived as before, as a compilation of other martial arts. MMA shows originality in training methods, health aspects, performance requirements or even moral-volitional qualities. The aim of the paper is to analyse the physiological aspects of MMA in both training and combat loads, to discuss the issue of injuries in MMA and to provide a comparison with other martial arts. Studies focusing directly on MMA wrestlers have been selected. These have included both amateur and professional athletes. The databases Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Scholar were used as sources. MMA ranks among sports with high-intensity workload, wrestlers achieve high levels of lactate and other metabolic markers. They need above-average aerobic capacity and perform well in upper body strength tests. Injury rates in MMA do not differ significantly from those in professional-level martial arts. Most injuries are associated with lacerations on the head. The requirements of extensive workload during performance must be reflected in training. Encouragement of aerobic and anaerobic endurance abilities in conjunction with optimum strength training seems crucial. It is essential to include prophylaxis as regards head concussions and strive for maximum safety of the sportsman during combat. Further research is required to confirm some of the conclusions, the limitations of which are due to the number and quality of the selected studies.

Download Full-text

Emotional and Attitudinal Responses to Viewing Televised Mixed Martial Arts

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e712172011-001 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Nancy A. Cheever ◽

Alexander Spradlin

Keyword(s):

Martial Arts ◽

Mixed Martial Arts

Download Full-text

Mixed Martial Arts: Zwischen sportifiziertem Spektakel und spektakularisiertem Sport

Sport und Gesellschaft ◽

10.1515/sug-2021-0015 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Michael Staack

Keyword(s):

Martial Arts ◽

Mixed Martial Arts

Zusammenfassung Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) hat sich global und auch in Deutschland sukzessive zu einem sportkulturellen Mainstream-Phänomen entwickelt. Vorliegender Artikel untersucht die diskursiven und praktischen Logiken, nach denen sich das Feld des MMA organisiert. Der soziologische Blick auf MMA-Wettkämpfe zeigt, dass diese über körperlich relativ ungefährliche Performanzen eine Ästhetik körperlicher Gefährdung und darüber Vorstellungen von kämpferischer Authentizität herstellen. Basierend auf empirischem Material erweitert der Artikel den soziologischen Blick, indem er das MMA-Training untersucht. Auch hier finden, insbesondere in der Trainingspraxis des Sparrings, praktische Konstruktionen von Vorstellungen kämpferischer Authentizität statt. Einerseits erfolgt dies darüber, dass die Praxiskonfiguration des Sparrings die kontrollierte Herstellung eines Erlebnisses kämpferischer Unkontrolliertheit ermöglicht. Andererseits erfolgt es darüber, dass die Praxiskonfiguration die Trainierenden ihr Kampftraining in spezifischer Weise als kämpferisch besonders radikal und endgültig erleben lässt.

Download Full-text

Doping behaviour in mixed martial arts athletes: the roles of social norms and self-regulatory efficacy

International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology ◽

10.1080/1612197x.2021.1948587 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-16

Author(s):

Michael Petrou ◽

Lambros Lazuras ◽

Mathew Hillier ◽

Dara Mojtahedi

Keyword(s):

Social Norms ◽

Martial Arts ◽

Mixed Martial Arts ◽

Doping Behaviour

Download Full-text

The Empirical Research on Automatic Control System of Training Information

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.427-429.488 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 427-429 ◽

pp. 488-491

Author(s):

Chuan Jin ◽

Xiao Mei Wang ◽

Ke Liu Yang

Keyword(s):

Control System ◽

Control Method ◽

Control Process ◽

Acquisition Training ◽

Training Methods ◽

Information Control ◽

Basketball Players ◽

Training Scheme ◽

Evaluation Scores ◽

Training Control

At present, basketball training needs more scientific training methods and techniques. In order to obtain these training methods, it needs to acquisition training information in the process of basketball training. Therefore, in view of basketball training to establish information control system, research on basketball players training characteristics and the law of motion in the process of basketball training, using control theory method to carry out information processing and analysis, and then the use of scoring methods carry out the authority score evaluation on basketball trainings influencing factors, according to the weight values, these are obtained on the basis of the score, then to carry out add sum, finally to obtain the evaluation scores of basketball training information control system. And then according to the weight value, to undertake an analysis of the basketball training control process, the basketball training information control method is put forward. The analysis results show that information control system is mainly manifested in the basketball training information collection and transmission, training scheme decision of coaches decision system as well as the feedback of decision information, which will complete the whole system construction of basketball training information control.

Download Full-text