scholarly journals The Effects of School Desegregation upon Students' Racial Attitudes and Behavior: A Critical Review of the Literature and a Prolegomenon to Future Research

1978 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. McConahay
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Racial Attitudes ◽  
School Desegregation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

Poverty and adolescent developmental outcomes: a critical review

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet T.Y. Leung ◽  
Daniel T.L. Shek
Keyword(s):  
Protective Factors ◽  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Developmental Outcomes ◽  
Family Processes ◽  
Psychological Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Conceptual Problems ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This paper reviews the impact of poverty on adolescent developmental outcomes. Based on a review of the literature, the impact of poverty on the psychological development of adolescents, the pathways through which poverty operates, and the protective factors of adolescents from the impact of poverty are outlined. The review showed conceptual problems in the literature, including the neglect of attention paid to cultural diversity and intervening processes between poverty and child developmental outcomes. This review also highlights methodological challenges, including the lack of longitudinal and qualitative studies in the field and the problems of using single informant perspective to study dynamic family processes. Recommendations for directions of future research are offered.

scholarly journals Dictators and Their Subjects: Authoritarian Attitudinal Effects and Legacies

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1839-1860
Author(s):  
Anja Neundorf ◽  
Grigore Pop-Eleches
Keyword(s):  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Driving Mechanisms ◽  
Attitudinal Effects ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior ◽  
New Framework

This introductory essay outlines the key themes of the special issue on the long-term impact of autocracies on the political attitudes and behavior of their subjects. Here, we highlight several important areas of theoretical and empirical refinements, which can provide a more nuanced picture of the process through which authoritarian attitudinal legacies emerge and persist. First, we define the nature of attitudinal legacies and their driving mechanisms, developing a framework of competing socialization. Second, we use the competing socialization framework to explain two potential sources of heterogeneity in attitudinal and behavioral legacies: varieties of institutional features of authoritarian regimes, which affect the nature of regime socialization efforts; and variations across different subgroups of (post-)authoritarian citizens, which reflect the nature and strength of alternative socialization efforts. This new framework can help us to better understand contradictory findings in this emerging literature as well as set a new agenda for future research.

scholarly journals A Theory of Guilt Appeals: A Review Showing the Importance of Investigating Cognitive Processes as Mediators between Emotion and Behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Aurélien Graton ◽  
Melody Mailliez
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Social Behaviors ◽  
Prosocial Behaviors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
And Behavior

Guilt appeals in the field of persuasion are quite common. However, the effectiveness of these messages is sometimes ambivalent. It is widely acknowledged that guilt leads people to engage into prosocial behaviors, but the effects of guilt can also be counter-productive (e.g., reactance-like effects). We argue that the explanations for these contradictions remain unsatisfactory and suggest that taking into account the implications of underlying cognitive—especially attentional—mechanisms would provide a better understanding of these paradoxical outcomes. This article provides a brief review of the literature on the link between guilt and pro-social behaviors and its classical interpretations. We propose a reinterpretation of this link by taking into account specific attentional processes triggered by the emotion of guilt. Attentional biases are, in our opinion, better predictors of the effectiveness of a message than the amount of emotion induced by the same message. This consideration should guide future research in the field of guilt appeals and pro-social behaviors. Implications, in terms of a broader comprehension of the emotion–behavior association in decision making processes, are discussed.

Contrarian and momentum trading: a review of the literature

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilios C. Galariotis
Keyword(s):  
Asset Pricing ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Investment Performance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Momentum Trading ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to critically review the literature on contrarian and momentum trading strategies and identify areas for future research. Design/methodology/approach – Critical review and discussion of the literature. Findings – The extant literature is dynamic and is typified by a number of open questions. Research limitations/implications – The open questions in the literature relate mainly to the driving forces of investment performance, and the role of risk and asset pricing as well as behavioral human traits. The literature is vast and therefore difficult to classify, cover and discuss. Practical implications – The paper indicates the possible need for: the development of different asset pricing models and propositions that can have practical implications at a more international context. Originality/value – The paper provides a critical review of the literature and identifies open issues for future research.

Cross-Cultural Counselling in Perspective with Recommended Areas for Training

1983 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryse Rinfret-Raynor ◽  
Thomas E. Raynor
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
North American ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Counselling Services ◽  
Process And Outcome ◽  
Counselling Process ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

Based on a review of the literature, this article presents different elements one must be sensitive to when entering into a counselling relationship with individuals who do not share North American cultural heritage and values. More specifically, the authors review ten factors and attitudes which they believe have a significant impact on the counselling process and outcome. In addition, the article recommends training areas for professional counsellors planning to provide counselling services to ethnics and minorities. Finally, the article stresses that providing services to cultural and minority groups is a complicated and involved process. Not only is it necessary to provide services in the language of the clients but it is also essential to examine and possibly change counsellor attitudes and behavior in order to provide efficient counselling services.

Parents’ Speech and Children’s Stuttering: A Critique of the Literature

1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 978-989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn A. Nippold ◽  
Mishelle Rudzinski
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Question Asking ◽  
Speech Behaviors ◽  
Role Of Parents ◽  
The Way

The role of parents in relation to their children’s stuttering has been of great interest to speech-language pathologists for more than 50 years. As part of treatment, speech-language pathologists frequently advise parents to modify their speech behaviors when talking with their children. For example, parents are often told to speak more slowly and to refrain from interrupting or questioning the child excessively. Given the commonness of this advice, it is important to examine the research upon which it is based. This article contains a critical review of the literature concerning the role of parents’ speech behaviors (e.g., rate, interruptions, question-asking) in relation to their children’s stuttering. Published studies are reported and analyzed in order to determine the extent to which parents may affect their children’s stuttering through their own speech behaviors. The review indicates that there is little convincing evidence to support the view that parents of children who stutter differ from parents of children who do not stutter in the way they talk with their children. Similarly, there is little objective support for the argument that parents’ speech behaviors contribute to children’s stuttering or that modifying parents’ speech behaviors facilitates children’s fluency. Implications for treatment and for future research are discussed.

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