Change in the Racial Composition of Occupations, 1960–1970

1987 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D. Hayward ◽  
Shelley Coverman
Keyword(s):  
Racial Inequality ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Blue Collar ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Racial Composition ◽  
Black Workers ◽  
Black Employment ◽  
Structural Growth ◽  
The 1960S

This study estimates change in the racial inequality of employment during the 1960s, a decade characterized by substantial economic growth and significant government antidiscriminatory activity. The focus is on the influence of (1) structural change, as measured by industrial and occupational growth, and (2) indicators of industrial structure (e.g., profitability, concentration) on change in the racial composition of occupations within industries. The analysis indicates that black workers in both white-collar and blue-collar occupations made relative employment gains primarily in expanding sectors of the economy. The structural growth that occurred in the 1960s, therefore, had substantial benefits for black employment opportunities. Extrapolating from our findings on black employment gains in the 1960s, we conclude that there is little reason to expect dramatic progress in positional inequality for blacks today given current political and economic conditions.

Do Black-Owned Businesses Employ Minority Workers? New Evidence

1988 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 51-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Bates
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Small Firms ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Blue Collar ◽  
Racial Composition ◽  
Large Firms ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Minority Workers

Most of the workers employed by black-owned businesses are minorities. This pattern typifies small firms as well as large firms, firms in blue collar industries such as construction as well as in white collar industries such as finance. The hypothesis that reliance upon minority workers may restrict the viability of black firms is tested and rejected; there appears to be no relationship between firm viability and labor force racial composition.

Employment Mobility and the Belated Emergence of the Black Middle Class

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-60
Author(s):  
William Lazonick ◽  
Philip Moss ◽  
Joshua Weitz
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Equal Employment Opportunity ◽  
Employment Opportunity ◽  
Blue Collar ◽  
Great Society ◽  
World War ◽  
Black Employment ◽  
Equal Employment ◽  
The 1960S

As the Covid-19 pandemic takes its disproportionate toll on African Americans, the historical perspective in this working paper provides insight into the socioeconomic conditions under which President-elect Joe Biden’s campaign promise to “build back better” might actually begin to deliver the equal employment opportunity that was promised by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Far from becoming the Great Society that President Lyndon Johnson promised, the United States has devolved into a greedy society in which economic inequality has run rampant, leaving most African Americans behind. In this installment of our “Fifty Years After” project, we sketch a long-term historical perspective on the Black employment experience from the last decades of the nineteenth century into the 1970s. We follow the transition from the cotton economy of the post-slavery South to the migration that accelerated during World War I as large numbers of Blacks sought employment in mass-production industries in Northern cities such as Detroit, Pittsburgh, and Chicago. For the interwar decades, we focus in particular on the Black employment experience in the Detroit automobile industry. During World War II, especially under pressure from President Roosevelt’s Fair Employment Practices Committee, Blacks experienced tangible upward employment mobility, only to see much of it disappear with demobilization. In the 1960s and into the 1970s, however, supported by the Civil Rights Act and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Blacks made significant advances in employment opportunity, especially by moving up the blue-collar occupational hierarchy into semiskilled and skilled unionized jobs. These employment gains for Blacks occurred within a specific historical context that included a) strong demand for blue-collar and clerical labor in the U.S. mass-production industries, which still dominated in global competition; b) the unquestioned employment norm within major U.S. business corporations of a career with one company, supported at the blue-collar level by mass-production unions that had become accepted institutions in the U.S. business system; c) the upward intergenerational mobility of white households from blue-collar employment requiring no more than a high-school education to white-collar employment requiring a higher education, creating space for Blacks to fill the blue-collar void; and d) a relative absence of an influx of immigrants as labor-market competition to Black employment. As we will document in the remaining papers in this series, from the 1980s these conditions changed dramatically, resulting in erosion of the blue-collar gains that Blacks had achieved in the 1960s and 1970s as the Great Society promise of equal employment opportunity for all Americans disappeared.

The Increasing Effect of Neighborhood Racial Composition on Housing Values, 1980–2015

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junia Howell ◽  
Elizabeth Korver-Glenn
Keyword(s):  
Racial Inequality ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Racial Composition ◽  
Communities Of Color ◽  
Comparison Approach ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Home Values ◽  
Determining Factor ◽  
Neighborhood Racial Composition

Abstract Beginning in the 1930s, neighborhood racial composition was an explicit determining factor in the evaluation of U.S. home values. This deliberate practice was outlawed in the 1960s and 1970s, but the correlation between neighborhood racial composition and home values persists. Using Census Bureau data from 1980 to 2015, the present study investigates the changing relationship between neighborhood racial composition and home appraisals, as well as the mechanisms that drive it. Contrary to what is often presumed, neighborhood racial composition was a stronger determinant of appraised values in 2015 than it was in 1980. Results suggest this is primarily due to contemporary appraising practices. Specifically, the use of the sales comparison approach has allowed historical racialized appraisals to influence contemporary values and appraisers’ racialized assumptions about neighborhoods to drive appraisal methods. These findings provide strong evidence that persistent racial inequality is driven in part by perpetual devaluing of communities of color and they suggest further regulation is required to foster equity.

Show Me Your Watch, and I’ll Tell You Where You Work: Obtaining Scarce Goods via the Workplace in 1960s Socialist Hungary

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 73-90
Author(s):  
Annina Gagyiova
Keyword(s):  
White Collar ◽  
Blue Collar ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Court Cases ◽  
Blue Collar Workers ◽  
White Collar Workers ◽  
Informal Practices ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Usual State ◽  
State Socialist

In the field of consumption history there is growing interest in informal shopping practices, smuggling, and black-market activities in state socialist societies. Yet, little emphasis has been placed on how the foremost socialist workplace, the factory, became a crucial hub for smuggled goods and the extent to which workers played a role within it. This article explores local Budapest court cases from the beginning of the 1960s using the methodological insights of everyday history (Alltagsgeschichte). The cases show that white-collar workers (and in rare cases blue-collar workers) with a command of foreign languages frequently acted as middlemen in making transactions. This specific cultural capital put white-collar workers in a position to gain profit over and above their usual state salary, often contradicting wage hierarchies set by the state. At the same time, blue-collar workers embraced informal shopping possibilities at the factory in a climate of diversifying consumer expectations. This article examines how informal practices of selling and obtaining goods transformed relations among workers and created a new social hierarchy within working-class communities.

scholarly journals Association between procrastination, white-collar work and obesity in Japanese male workers: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. e029931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihiko Narisada ◽  
Kohta Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Blue Collar ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Adult Weight ◽  
Japanese Male ◽  
Male Workers

ObjectiveTo investigate the associations among procrastination (time inconsistency), work environment and obesity-related factors in Japanese male workers.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingData were collected at two work sites of Japanese electronics manufacturing company in 2015.Participants795 full-time male workers in a Japanese electric company, aged 35–64 years, who underwent health checkups in 2015.Main outcome measuresBody mass index (BMI), adult weight change, obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m2), adult weight gain over 10 kg (AWG10) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the associations of procrastination assessed by using a one-item questionnaire and white-collar and blue-collar work with obesity-related factors.ResultsWhite-collar workers with high procrastination levels showed positive associations with BMI (B: 0.75, 95% CI 0.06 to 1.44) and adult weight change (B: 1.77, 95% CI 0.26 to 3.29), and had increased odds of AWG10 (OR: 1.85, 95% CI 1.04 to 3.29) and MetS (OR: 2.29 95% CI 1.18 to 4.44) after adjustment for age, education, work-related factors and lifestyle factors. However, such positive associations were not observed among blue-collar workers.ConclusionsProcrastination and white-collar work might have a joint effect on weight gain during adulthood and consequential obesity.

scholarly journals Custodial Single Fathers before and during the COVID-19 Crisis: Work, Care, and Well-Being

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Aimzhan Iztayeva
Keyword(s):  
Family Conflict ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Support Networks ◽  
Blue Collar ◽  
Single Fathers ◽  
Work Family Conflict ◽  
Work Family

As both paid and unpaid work were disrupted during the COVID-19 crisis, the two roles that working custodial single fathers occupy—breadwinners and caregivers—have intensified significantly. Using two independent sets of interviews, this study examines how custodial single fathers navigated work and caregiving responsibilities prior to COVID-19 and compares them to the experiences of single fathers interviewed during the pandemic. The findings are organized into three key themes. First, men with white-collar jobs experienced less work-family conflict than men with blue-collar jobs. The COVID-19 crisis further widened this divide as lack of flexibility put men with blue-collar jobs in a precarious position in the labor market. Second, the way single fathers arranged childcare varied with the availability of extended family and the coparenting relationship with the child(ren)’s mother. The pandemic significantly complicated these arrangements by removing men’s access to extended family and intensifying already conflicted coparenting relationships. Finally, prior to the pandemic, many single fathers struggled with lack of leisure time and diminished social support networks that shrunk with their initial break from their child(ren)’s mother. The resulting feelings of fatigue and loneliness seeped into men’s psychological well-being. COVID-19 and related social distancing measures further exacerbated single fathers’ isolation.

Limbo: Blue-Collar Roots, White-Collar Dreams (review)

2004 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 440-442
Author(s):  
Richard J. (Richard Jay) Jensen
Keyword(s):  
White Collar ◽  
Blue Collar

scholarly journals RESULTS OF THE COMPLEX RISK FACTOR ASSESSMENT FOR THE CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN WORKING POPULATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 310-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey A. Maksimov ◽  
M. V. Tabakaev ◽  
A. N. Chigisova ◽  
G. V. Artamonova
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
General Population ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Blue Collar ◽  
Chd Risk ◽  
Working Groups ◽  
Total Burden ◽  
Chd Risk Factors

Material and methods. Three groups of men working in Kemerovo region were formed: 694 “white-collar”, 1674 “blue-collar” and 1612 “coal-miners”. To form the comparison group we used data from the Russian research ESSE-RF in the Kemerovo region (700 men). The following cardiovascular risk factors were assessed: hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia, obesity, hypertension, smoking, and education level. The coronary heart disease (CHD) was diagnosed on the basis of ECG changes on the Minnesota code, Rose questionnaire, and myocardial infarction. According to the frequency of risk factors and their contribution to the probability of developing the coronary heart disease, there was calculated the total burden of CHD risk factors (Maksimov S.A. et al., 2015). Results .The burden of CHD risk factors in the general population up to 51 years accounts for 308 conventional units. There is a variety of risk factors frequency in the working groups, both inside the groups and in comparison with the general population. Consequently, there are differences in values of CHD risk factors burdens. The “blue-collar” burdens of CHD risk factors corresponding to the general population (304 conventional units). In “white-collar” and “miners” this parameter is lower, respectively, 266 and 259 conventional units. After 50 years, the total burden of CHD risk factors in the population increased to 472 conventional units (1.5 times). Differences of this index in the working groups to the general population after 50 years also increased. Conclusion. The working population is characterized by the low total burden of CHD risk factors compared with the general population. After 50 years, these differences increase, which indicates the deterioration of health with age, stimulates the individual to the termination of employment or the ongoing the work as the healthiest individuals. The lowest rates of CHD risk factors burden have been reported in “miners”, the average - in “white collar”, maximum - in “blue-collar”.

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