A Duration Effect in Reaction Time to the Offset of Brief Auditory Stimuli

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin L. Rowland ◽  
David S. Emmerich
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Duration Effect

Reaction Time and Brain Waves in Omitted Stimulus Tasks

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar H. Hernández ◽  
Muriel Vogel-Sprott
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Motor Action ◽  
Cognitive Component ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Somatosensory Stimuli

A missing stimulus task requires an immediate response to the omission of a regular recurrent stimulus. The task evokes a subclass of event-related potential known as omitted stimulus potential (OSP), which reflects some cognitive processes such as expectancy. The behavioral response to a missing stimulus is referred to as omitted stimulus reaction time (RT). This total RT measure is known to include cognitive and motor components. The cognitive component (premotor RT) is measured by the time from the missing stimulus until the onset of motor action. The motor RT component is measured by the time from the onset of muscle action until the completion of the response. Previous research showed that RT is faster to auditory than to visual stimuli, and that the premotor of RT to a missing auditory stimulus is correlated with the duration of an OSP. Although this observation suggests that similar cognitive processes might underlie these two measures, no research has tested this possibility. If similar cognitive processes are involved in the premotor RT and OSP duration, these two measures should be correlated in visual and somatosensory modalities, and the premotor RT to missing auditory stimuli should be fastest. This hypothesis was tested in 17 young male volunteers who performed a missing stimulus task, who were presented with trains of auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli and the OSP and RT measures were recorded. The results showed that premotor RT and OSP duration were consistently related, and that both measures were shorter with respect to auditory stimuli than to visual or somatosensory stimuli. This provides the first evidence that the premotor RT is related to an attribute of the OSP in all three sensory modalities.

Some Factors Affecting Reaction Times to Auditory Stimuli in Mental Patients

1954 ◽  
Vol 100 (419) ◽  
pp. 462-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. L. Hall ◽  
E. Stride
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Mental Patients ◽  
Personal Equation ◽  
Work Up

A number of studies on reaction time (R.T.) latency to visual and auditory stimuli in psychotic patients has been reported since the first investigations on the personal equation were carried out. The general trends from the work up to 1943 are well summarized by Hunt (1944), while Granger's (1953) review of “Personality and visual perception” contains a summary of the studies on R.T. to visual stimuli.

Functional Locus of Intensity Effects in Choice Reaction Time Tasks

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 126-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Jaśkowski ◽  
Izabela Szumska ◽  
Edyta Sasin
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Response Choice ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Functional Locus ◽  
Readiness Potentials

Long reaction times (RT) paradoxically occur with extremely loud auditory stimuli ( Van der Molen & Keuss, 1979 , 1981 ) or with ultrabright and large visual stimuli ( Jaśkowski & Włodarczyk, 2006 ) when the task requires a response choice. Van der Molen and Keuss (1981 ) hypothesized that this effect results from an arousal-driven elongation of response-selection processes. We tested this hypothesis using visual stimuli and chronopsychophysiological markers. The results showed that the latency of both early (P1 recorded at Oz) and late (P300) evoked potentials decreased monotonically with intensity. In contrast, the latency of stimulus-locked lateralized readiness potentials (LRP) abruptly increased for the most intense stimuli, thus mirroring the reaction time–intensity relationship. Response-locked LRPs revealed no dependency on intensity. These findings suggest that the processes responsible for the van der Molen-Keuss effect influence processing stages that are completed before the onset of LRP. The van der Molen-Keuss effect likely occurs later than those represented by early sensory potentials. This is in keeping with the hypothesis of van der Molen-Keuss.

Two Experiments in Visual and Auditory Reaction Time in Children at a School for the Deaf

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 971-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis D. Costa ◽  
Isabelle Rapin ◽  
Irwin J. Mandel
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
White Noise ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Communication Disorders ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Rapid Responses ◽  
Paired Stimulation ◽  
Auditory Reaction Time ◽  
School For The Deaf

In an experiment testing RT to visual, auditory, and paired visual and auditory stimuli, 28 normal Ss showed more rapid responses to paired stimulation than to stimulation in either modality alone. A group of 30 children with communication disorders at a school for the deaf failed to respond more rapidly to paired stimulation. Positive reinforcement improved RT in both groups. In a second experiment, threshold of response to white noise was approximated by an RT technique with control and selected clinical Ss.

An Improved Stimuli System for Brain-Computer Interface Applications

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina-Emilia Nicolae
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Brain Computer Interface ◽  
Computer Interface ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Synchronous Systems ◽  
Spectral Perturbation

When developing a motion synchronous Brain-Computer Interface, it is very important to have effective stimuli. This research tests and proposes an improved brain computer interface stimulus system, based on event related spectral perturbation. In order to investigate the reaction of the motor cortex to stimuli, the influence of the human senses has to be investigated. Considering the limitations of human senses, the article proposes effective visual and auditory stimuli in two similar tasks, to gain accuracy and better reaction time (RT) for real movements in Brain-Computer Interface synchronous systems.

Correlates of Reaction Time to Startle

1965 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard I. Thackray
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Time ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Skin Resistance ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Autonomic Reactivity ◽  
Differential Stress ◽  
Intense Stimulus

The present study was concerned with behavioral and physiological correlates of response time to high intensity, 'unexpected' auditory stimuli. Stimuli consisted of an initial 120 db startle tone followed by a series of 50 tones of 75 db and a final 120 db startle tone. Sub-jects responded by moving a control stick as rapidly as possible to the onset of each tone. Continuous recordings of heart rate and skin resistance were taken. Autonomic reactivity to the first intense stimulus was found to be positively correlated with response latency, while response time to the final intense stimulus suggests a negative relationship to autonomic levels and reactivity. The primary effect of the second high intensity tone was to significantly exaggerate pre-existing differences between individuals in their reaction time to the preceding moderate intensity stimuli. Possible relationships of this differential stress response to concepts of excitation and inhibition are briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of Smoked Cannabis on Vigilance and Accident Risk Using Simulated Driving in Occasional and Chronic Users and the Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 684-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Hartley ◽  
Nicolas Simon ◽  
Amine Larabi ◽  
Isabelle Vaugier ◽  
Frédéric Barbot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Driving Performance ◽  
Accident Risk ◽  
Maximal Effect ◽  
Pharmacodynamic Analysis ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Duration Effect ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance

Abstract BACKGROUND The pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic relationship between whole blood δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and driving risk is poorly understood. METHODS Fifteen chronic cannabis consumers (1–2 joints/day; CC) and 15 occasional cannabis consumers (1–2 joints/week; OC) of 18 to 34 years of age were included. A pharmacokinetic study was conducted with 12 blood samplings over a 24-h period before and after controlled random inhalation of placebo or 10 mg or 30 mg of THC. THC and metabolites were quantified using LC-MS/MS. Effects on reaction time by psychomotor vigilance tests and driving performance through a York driving simulator were evaluated 7 times. A pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic analysis was performed using R software. RESULTS Whole blood peak THC was 2 times higher in CC than in OC for a same dose and occurred 5 min after the end of consumption. THC remained detectable only in CC after 24 h. Despite standardized consumption, CC consumed more available THC from each cigarette regardless of dose. Maximal effect for reaction time was dose- and group-dependent and only group-dependent for driving performance, both being decreased and more marked in OC than in CC. These effects were maximal around 5 h after administration, and the duration was longer in OC than in CC. A significant pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic relationship was observed only between Tmax for blood THC and the duration effect on mean reciprocal reaction time. CONCLUSIONS Inhalation from cannabis joints leads to a rapid increase in blood THC with a delayed decrease in vigilance and driving performance, more pronounced and lasting longer in OC than in CC. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02061020

Responses to loud auditory stimuli indicate that movement-related activation builds up in anticipation of action

2013 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 996-1008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Welber Marinovic ◽  
Aymar de Rugy ◽  
Ottmar V. Lipp ◽  
James R. Tresilian
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Motor Response ◽  
Acoustic Stimulus ◽  
Motor Preparation ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Data Display ◽  
Response Preparation ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Simple Rt ◽  
Over Time

Previous research using a loud acoustic stimulus (LAS) to investigate motor preparation in reaction time (RT) tasks indicates that responses can be triggered well in advance of the presentation of an imperative stimulus (IS). This is intriguing given that high levels of response preparation cannot be maintained for long periods (≈ 200 ms). In the experiments reported here we sought to assess whether response-related activation increases gradually over time in simple RT tasks. In experiment 1, a LAS was presented at different times just prior to the presentation of the IS to probe the level of activation for the motor response. In experiment 2, the same LAS was presented at different times after the presentation of the IS. The results provide evidence that response-related activation does increase gradually in anticipation of the IS, but it remains stable for a short time after this event. The data display a pattern consistent with the response being triggering by the LAS, rather than a reaction to the IS.

Decisions concerning the Rejected Channel

1966 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Everdina A. Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
False Positives ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
The Third ◽  
Verbal Messages

It was thought that the physical aspects of auditory stimuli were possibly transmitted via separate pathways from those transmitting the verbal aspects. Three experiments were designed to test this hypothesis. In these experiments subjects had to perform a shadowing task and had to respond simultaneously on response keys to pips superimposed in either ear on verbal messages. The response to these pips was of increasing complexity, in that it was a simple reaction time which was measured in the first experiment, a choice reaction time in the second experiment and a more complex choice reaction time in the third experiment. Subjects were able to perform these tests although the increasing difficulty was reflected in longer reaction times and more errors. The reaction times to the pips presented to the ear which was not being shadowed were slower, and the errors, made to pips in both channels, were “false positives” rather than errors of omission. These results were taken as favouring the hypothesis.

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