The Collapse of the European Political System, 1914–45

1949 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 442-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hajo Holborn
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Political System ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
World Politics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Recovery ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Historical Pattern ◽  
American Policy ◽  
Political Actions

Any attempt at the formulation or critical review of American policies in Europe is conditioned by our historical conceptions. Whether we try to define American policy with regard to Germany, the economic recovery of Europe, or the protection of western Europe against further Russian inroads, we are consciously or unconsciously influenced by what we consider to be the “normal” organization of Europe, and are thereby led to direct our political actions as much as possible toward the restoration of the traditional order. There exists, on the other hand, a general awareness of radical changes in world politics and especially European affairs, and our practical political experiences demonstrate that we are constantly driven to adopt unprecedented measures which run counter to what we still envisage as the historical pattern of Europe.

Behavioral flexibility in Belief-Desire- Intention (BDI) architectures

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-377
Author(s):  
Adel Saadi ◽  
Ramdane Maamri ◽  
Zaidi Sahnoun
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Practical Reasoning ◽  
Behavioral Flexibility ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Simple Experiment ◽  
Bdi Agents ◽  
Popular Approach ◽  
Other Hand

The Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) model is a popular approach to design flexible agents. The key ingredient of BDI model, that contributed to concretize behavioral flexibility, is the inclusion of the practical reasoning. On the other hand, researchers signaled some missing flexibility’s ingredient, in BDI model, essentially the lack of learning. Therefore, an extensive research was conducted in order to extend BDI agents with learning. Although this latter body of research is important, the key contribution of BDI model, i.e., practical reasoning, did not receive a sufficient attention. For instance, for performance reasons, some of the concepts included in the BDI model are neglected by BDI architectures. Neglecting these concepts was criticized by some researchers, as the ability of the agent to reason will be limited, which eventually leads to a more or less flexible reasoning, depending on the concepts explicitly included. The current paper aims to stimulate the researchers to re-explore the concretization of practical reasoning in BDI architectures. Concretely, this paper aims to stimulate a critical review of BDI architectures regarding the flexibility, inherent from the practical reasoning, in the context of single agents, situated in an environment which is not associated with uncertainty. Based on this review, we sketch a new orientation and some suggested improvements for the design of BDI agents. Finally, a simple experiment on a specific case study is carried out to evaluate some suggested improvements, namely the contribution of the agent’s “well-informedness” in the enhancement of the behavioral flexibility.

Problems of Western Europe

1949 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-169
Author(s):  
Bernard Wall
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common People ◽  
Western Nation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Will ◽  
East And West

The following pages are based on the last six months of 1948 which the writer spent in England, France and Italy. During this period Marshall aid had begun to bear certain fruit. On the other hand the international situation, already bad at the opening of the period, had deteriorated cumulatively as time passed. The Berlin deadlock, a symbol of the will of East and West, continued as before; and not even the beginning of a solution was reached at the United Nations assembly in Paris in die autumn. All over Europe people were preoccupied widi the economic crisis; but also by the direat of a new war. A military committee composed of Great Britain, France and Benelux was formed in the autumn under the chairmanship of Marshal Montgomery. There remained problems about this committee's effectiveness as well as about the extent to which other proposals for Western union were practicable at present. While in each country in Western Europe common people and politicians are talking more about union than ever before, in practice separatist tendencies in each shrunken western nation are still at work and travel to, or independent contact with, neighboring countries is a far more difficult business today than it was in 1939.

Varia: Attribution, predication, apposition – Part second

Proglas ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Getsov ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Grammatical Relation ◽  
The Status ◽  
Syntactic Status ◽  
The One ◽  
Syntactic Relations

The paper is part of a series of publications that set out to examine various aspects in the analysis of appositive constructions. The purpose of this particular study is to reveal the multidimensional, diverse, and complex interaction between three types of syntactic relations – attributive, predicative, and appositive. The study offers a critical review of various theories on the status of the grammatical relation between the components of non-detached (close) appositive constructions. The main argument of this paper is that determining this status, on the one hand, is a function of the morphological and semantic characteristics of the components of the construction, while, on the other hand, it determines their syntactic status.

Translation and interpretation in Abhidharmakośa

Diogenes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitko Momov
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Literal Meaning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Young Scholar ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

Rosemberg (1991) has made a critical review of a long-standing discussion between Eastern philologists and Buddhist philosophers. The discussion is centered around the translation of the doctrine on the one hand, and its philosophical systematization on the other hand. When scientific-philological translation prevails, the literal meaning of Buddhist terminology is declared to be its basis. The young scholar, who had specialized in Japan, studied Buddhism from Japanese and Chinese sources and collected lexicographic material from non-Hindu sources. After comparing them, he encountered inaccuracies in the translation. In an attempt to overcome them, he preferred the point of view of the philosophy of Buddhism. The conclusion that he has drawn in the preface of this edition is that the study should begin with a systematization of antiquity.

scholarly journals Macintyre on identity of ethics and politics

2006 ◽  
pp. 29-56
Author(s):  
Michal Sládecek
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Individual Rights ◽  
Ethical Life ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Ethics And Politics

In first chapters of this article MacIntyre?s view of ethics is analyzed, together with his critics of liberalism as philosophical and political theory, as well as dominant ideological conception. In last chapters MacIntyre?s view of the relation between politics and ethics is considered, along with the critical review of his theoretical positions. Macintyre?s conception is regarded on the one hand as very broad, because the entire morality is identified with ethical life, while on the other hand it is regarded as too narrow since it excludes certain essential aspects of deliberation which refers to the sphere of individual rights, the relations between communities, as well as distribution of goods within the state.

The Practical Economics of Walter Bagehot

1996 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory C. G. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Political System ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Critic ◽  
Other Hand

Walter Bagehot is an excellent example of the mid-Victorian polymath. He was a banker, journalist, editor, biographer, literary critic, economist and political analyst. The educated reader of today remembers him as the author of The English Constitution, which, though published in 1867, remains one of the best introductions to the workings of the Westminster political system. Economists, on the other hand, vaguely recall him as the monetary commentator who wrote Lombard Street (1873b) and edited The Economist (1861–1877). Only a few historians of economic thought cite Bagehot for his participation in the English Methodenstreit. He played a significant role in this largely forgotten Victorian debate between the historical and orthodox economists. He was one of the first orthodox economists to respond to the historicist challenge, and, in doing so, he articulated a highly controversial relativist interpretation of the orthodox doctrines. Specifically, in response to the historicist claims that recent evidence gathered from custom-bound societies falsified the orthodox

Types of Negation

2020 ◽  
pp. 57-74
Author(s):  
Karen De Clercq
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

This chapter discusses the well-known dichotomies between sentence negation and constituent negation on the one hand and external negation and internal negation on the other hand. It explains how the notions differ and where they show overlap. Crucial in this discussion is the presentation and critical review of some of the most relevant tests for negation as discussed by Klima (1964). The discussion leads to the observation that both sentence negation and constituent negation are umbrella terms for multiple scopal types of negation. The chapter further shows how a careful analysis of negative morphology can be insightful in putting up a more fine-grained classification that does better justice to the reality of negative markers than captured by the well-known dichotomies.

scholarly journals Microbiostratigraphy of the Berriasian–Valanginian boundary in eastern Crimea: foraminifers, ostracods, organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 517-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuliya N. Savelieva ◽  
Olga V. Shurekova ◽  
Anna A. Feodorova ◽  
Vladimir A. Grishchenko ◽  
Andrei Yu. Guzhikov
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dinoflagellate Cysts ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Eastern Crimea ◽  
North Western ◽  
Ostracod Species ◽  
Ammonite Zones

AbstractThorough study of foraminifers, ostracods and dinoflagellate remnants from the Zavodskaya Balka and Koklyuk sections helps to characterize the detailed biostratigraphic division of the Berriasian / Valanginian boundary sequence in the Feodosiya district of eastern Crimea. The foraminifer and dinocyst associations from the lower part of the sequence are clearly comparable with common Berriasian associations throughout all Mountain Crimea. On the other hand, foraminifer, ostracod and dinocyst associations from its upper part have been recorded only in eastern Crimea. The upper foraminifer level corresponds to the boreal ammonite zones from the Tauricum-Verrucosum (Upper Berriasian-Valanginian). Most of the ostracod species are endemic. The base of the uppermost dinocyst level correlates with the Lower Valanginian Paratollia zone from north-western Europe.

Intra-Regional Management: The Western Europe Strategy of Japanese Firms

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-49
Author(s):  
Akira Kudo
Keyword(s):  
Direct Investment ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Regional Management ◽  
Japanese Firms ◽  
Other Hand

This paper raises the following questions: 1) How have Japanese firms that have entered Western Europe via direct investment understood the region's business environment? 2) With that understanding, what strategies have Japanese firms built and what projects have they developed? 3) Conversely, how have the projects developed by Japanese firms affected the business environment in Western Europe? To explore the questions outlined above, it is desirable or even necessary to observe a relatively large number of cases over as long a period as possible. This paper clearly faces limits on this score. On the other hand, by observing a small number of cases in relative detail, this paper may have the advantage of providing a basis for formulating general propositions.

scholarly journals The Number of Parties and Decision-Making in Legislatures

Games ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Marina Bannikova ◽  
Artyom Jelnov ◽  
Pavel Jelnov
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Political System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Optimal Threshold ◽  
Parliamentary Democracies ◽  
Vote Outcome ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Number Of Parties

This paper proposes a model of a legislature, formed by several parties, which has to vote for or against a certain bill in the presence of a lobbyist interested in a certain vote outcome. We show that the ease with which the lobbyist can manipulate a legislature decision increases with the number of elected parties, and, consequently, decreases with an electoral threshold. On the other hand, a lower electoral threshold increases the representativeness of a legislature. We combine these two effects in a notion of fairness. We show the existence of an electoral threshold that optimizes the fairness of a political system, which is close to 1–5%. Namely, the optimal threshold (in our sense) is close to thresholds that exist in most parliamentary democracies.

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