Intragenerational Social Mobility as a Markov Process: Including a Time- Stationary Mark-Ovian Model that Explains Observed Declines in Mobility Rates Over Time

1970 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 463 ◽  
Author(s):  
David D. McFarland
Keyword(s):  
Markov Process ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Over Time

Muslim Origins and Destinations

2019 ◽  
pp. 29-44
Author(s):  
Tahir Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Global North ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Right ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Downward Social Mobility

Patterns of racism in the Global North are correlated with the changing nature of globalization and its impact on individual economies, especially over the last four decades. The ‘left behind’ are groups in society who have faced considerable downward social mobility, with some becoming targeted by the mainstream and fringe right-wing groups who do this to release their pent up frustration towards the center of political and economic power. How this form of racism has evolved over time to focus on race, ethnicity, culture and now religion is explored in relation to the UK case, discussing the rise of Trump and the issue of Brexit as symptoms of a wider malaise affecting societies of the Global North. These forms of tribalism act to galvanize the right, combining racism with white supremacy, xenophobia and isolationism.

scholarly journals Ethnic, Religious and Gender Differences in Intragenerational Economic Mobility in England and Wales

Sociology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 883-903
Author(s):  
Saffron Karlsen ◽  
James Yzet Nazroo ◽  
Neil R Smith
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Economic Mobility ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Black Caribbean ◽  
Muslim People ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Over Time

This study uses data from consecutive England and Wales censuses to examine the intragenerational economic mobility of individuals with different ethnicities, religions and genders between 1971 and 2011, over time and across cohorts. The findings suggest more downward and less upward mobility among Black Caribbean, Indian Sikh and Muslim people with Bangladeshi, Indian and Pakistani ethnicities, relative to white British groups, and more positive relative progress among Indian Hindu people, but also some variation in the experiences of social mobility between individuals even in the same ethnic groups. For some groups, those becoming adults or migrating to the UK since 1971 occupy an improved position compared with older or longer resident people, but this is not universal. Findings suggest that these persistent inequalities will only be effectively addressed with attention to the structural factors which disadvantage particular ethnic and religious groups, and the specific ways in which these affect women.

MNB One Credit-Card Portfolio

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Samuel E. Bodily ◽  
Jason Hull ◽  
William Scherer
Keyword(s):  
Markov Process ◽  
Credit Card ◽  
Future Earnings ◽  
Over Time

A credit-card company must value portfolios of customers based on their future earnings. The payment characteristics of customers serve to classify them into states. This case can be the basis for discussing state dynamics over time in a Markov process.

Beyond Expulsion

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Gerlach
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
European History ◽  
Ethnic Cleansing ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Over Time

This article examines how the complexities of the Sudeten German expulsion and resettlement of the former Sudetenland spawned the notion that certain groups of people were unreliable or suspicious and, therefore, unwanted inhabitants. The intolerance and suspicion that setters, local and central officials, and others voiced toward different groups and actions directly related to the expulsion of Germans. The rapid influx of new settlers in search of German property and social mobility had a destabilizing effect on the region as well. The category of unwanted elements changed over time and reflected not necessarily the arrival of particular people but the problems unleashed by expulsion and settlement. The emergence of this category demonstrates how ethnic cleansing affected not only the targeted ethnic group but also how that process transformed people and places. This article offers new insights into the increasing body of literature on this topic in Central and Eastern European history by expanding the focus beyond Czechs and Germans. By examining a range of different sources, it also demonstrates that local actors as much as central ones created and sustained repressive attitudes in the borderlands.

Work, Status, and Income

1996 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Sobek
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Economic Indicator ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Work Status ◽  
Occupational Structure ◽  
Group Status ◽  
Group Occupations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Over Time

The historical record rarely presents researchers with precisely the evidence they desire. This is particularly true for social historians and like-minded scholars, whose subjects left precious few signs of their passing. Consequently, certain data have borne a disproportionate evidentiary load in social-historical research. The occupation a person pursued is one key piece of information on which scholars have come to depend. Our understanding of the historical social structure and where people fit into it is bound up with the interpretation of occupations. But this reliance on occupation as the primary social locator in historical research depends on some largely unexamined premises. Whether scholars group occupations or convert them into numerical status measures, they make assumptions about the nature of the occupational structure. When researchers incorporate change over time into their analyses, they suggest that the meaning of occupations remained stable for the purpose of measuring social mobility, class position, or group status-attainment. This assumption has been the subject of little discussion and even less research. For all the use to which historians have put occupation, there has been little effort to assess systematically its stability as a social or economic indicator.

scholarly journals Navigating Ethnic Stigmatisation in the Educational Setting: Coping Strategies of Young Immigrants and Descendants of Immigrants in Norway

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrine Fangen ◽  
Brit Lynnebakke
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Young People ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Educational Setting ◽  
Equal Opportunities ◽  
Official Policy ◽  
Young Immigrants ◽  
Over Time

Tolerance and equality are widespread norms in the official policy of many European countries. The educational system is an arena which even more than others is meant to foster equal opportunities by giving individuals the opportunity to strive for social mobility through their educational performance. Despite this, young people from ethnic minority backgrounds experience different forms of stigmatization in school and higher education, ranging from feeling marked as different to experiencing more explicit racism. This article analyses young people’s coping strategies in order to combat or avoid such stigmatization. We will analyse the possible reasons why young people choose a particular strategy in a given situation, how successful that choice is, and changes in their choice of strategies over time. We will discuss how earlier experiences of support, encouragement and respect (or the lack thereof) inform the extent to which young people choose more approaching than avoiding strategies as a response to perceived ethnic stigmatisation in the educational setting. The empirical basis of the article is a sample of 50 biographical interviews with young people of ethnic minority backgrounds living in Norway.

Bauern – Schulzen – Gutsbesitzer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Alexander Krethlow
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Early Form ◽  
Tenure System ◽  
The University ◽  
Over Time

The author focuses on the geographical and social mobility in Western Pomerania using the example of three villages that were owned by the University of Greifswald for centuries. It becomes clear that systematic attempts by the authorities to bind the subjects to serfdom usually failed. Serfdom sometimes even bore the characteristics of an early form of welfare state. When it was abolished, little changed in the tenure system at first. Over time, farms expanded and reached the scale of large estates. Now, peasants benefited and sometimes even became owners of noble manors. The migration to cities and abroad then led to the educated bourgeoisie.

Cutting Through

Uneven Odds ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 171-206
Author(s):  
Divya Vaid
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Affirmative Action ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
National Level ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Downward Mobility ◽  
Class Mobility ◽  
Specific Occupation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

This chapter brings out the influence of caste on social class mobility and analyses in detail the association between caste and social class in India. While theories of social change posit a decline in the impact of caste on social mobility over time, this chapter questions whether we see evidence of this at the national level. More crucially has the association between caste and class declined? And, has the relative importance of caste on achieveing a specific occupation, and hence social mobility, also declined overtime? In light of debates on affirmative action, this chapter asks whether certain castes find it harder to take advantage of upward class mobility chances, and conversely whether some castes are cushioned from downward mobility chances.

scholarly journals Dealignment: Class in Britain and Class in British Sociology Since 1945

Societies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Ken Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Class Structure ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Relative Neglect ◽  
Standard Template ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
Constant Class ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

This paper sets changes in Britain’s class structure since 1945 alongside the parallel sociological controversies about class. Since the 1970s, the class scheme developed by John Goldthorpe and colleagues for initial use in their study of social mobility in Britain has become sociology’s standard template for thinking about and researching class. Versions have been adopted by the UK government and the European Union as their official socio-economic classifications. This paper does not dispute that the Goldthorpe scheme is still the best available for classifying by occupation, or that occupation remains our best single indicator of class, or that a constant class scheme must be used if the purpose is to measure trends over time in rates of relative inter-generational mobility. Despite these merits, it is argued that the sociological gaze has been weakened by failing to represent changes over time in the class structure itself and, therefore, how class is experienced in lay people’s lives. There has been a relative neglect of absolute social mobility flows (which have changed over time), and a pre-occupation with the inter-generational and a relative neglect of intra-career mobilities and immobilities.

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