Offshore Claims and Problems in the North Sea

1965 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Young
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Geneva Convention ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
The North ◽  
Legal Problems ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First Time ◽  
Economic Considerations

The possible presence of very large petroleum and natural gas reserves in the area beneath the North Sea is currently the subject of intense investigation. If confirmed, as seems likely in at least some localities, this occurrence will raise legal problems of considerable interest and complexity. For the North Sea is not merely an oilfield covered by water: for centuries it has been one of the world's major fishery regions and the avenue to and from the world's busiest seaports. Thus all three of the present principal uses of the sea—fishing, navigation, and the exploitation of submarine resources—promise to meet for the first time on a large scale in an area where all are of major importance. The process of reconciling the various interests at stake will provide the first thoroughgoing test of the adequacy and acceptability of the general principles laid down in the 1958 Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf and should add greatly to the practice and precedents available in this developing branch of the law. In the present article an attempt is made to review some of the geographical and economic considerations involved in the North Sea situation, to note some of the technical and legal developments that have already taken place, and to consider these elements in the light of the various interests and legal principles concerned.

scholarly journals Inferring the location and scale of mixing between habitat areas of lesser sandeel through information from the fishery

2010 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Jensen ◽  
Anna Rindorf ◽  
Peter J. Wright ◽  
Henrik Mosegaard
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Pelagic Fish ◽  
Fishing Ground ◽  
Marine Science ◽  
Foraging Habitat ◽  
Small Pelagic Fish ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea

Abstract Jensen, H., Rindorf, A., Wright, P. J., and Mosegaard, H. 2011. Inferring the location and scale of mixing between habitat areas of lesser sandeel through information from the fishery. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 43–51. Sandeels are small pelagic fish that play an important role in the diet of a range of natural predators. Because of their limited capture by traditional survey gear, little is known about their large-scale distribution or the degree of mixing between habitat areas. Detailed information collected directly from the fishery was used to map fishing grounds, which were then assumed to reflect the foraging habitat of the species. Length distributions from individual hauls were used to assess differences in the distributions as a function of distance between samples. Sandeel foraging habitat covered some 5% of the total area of the North Sea. Mixing between neighbouring fishing grounds was too low to eliminate differences in length distributions at distances between grounds down to 5 km. Within fishing grounds, mixing was sufficient to eliminate differences in length distributions at scales <28 km but insufficient at greater distances. The lack of mixing between grounds may result in large differences in sandeel abundance among adjacent fishing grounds. Further, notable abundance at one end of an extensive fishing ground is not necessarily indicative of similar abundance at its other end.

Large-scale assessment of masking potential by underwater ship noise the North Sea

2021 ◽  
Vol 150 (4) ◽  
pp. A80-A81
Author(s):  
Jakob Tougaard ◽  
Thomas Folegot ◽  
Christ de Jong ◽  
Emily T. Griffiths ◽  
Alexander M. von Benda-Beckmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Large Scale Assessment ◽  
The North ◽  
Scale Assessment ◽  
The North Sea

scholarly journals Day-ahead Market Modelling of Large-scale Highly-renewable Multi-energy Systems: Analysis of the North Sea Region Towards 2050

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Gea Bermúdez ◽  
Kaushik Das ◽  
Hardi Koduvere ◽  
Matti Juhani Koivisto
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Unit Commitment ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Integer Variables ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea

This paper proposes a mathematical model to simulate Day-ahead markets of large-scale multi-energy systems with high share of renewable energy. Furthermore, it analyses the importance of including unit commitment when performing such analysis. The results of the case study, which is performed for the North Sea region, show the influence of massive renewable penetration in the energy sector and increasing electrification of the district heating sector towards 2050, and how this impacts the role of other energy sources such as thermal and hydro. The penetration of wind and solar is likely to challenge the need for balancing in the system as well as the profitability of thermal units. The degree of influence of the unit commitment approach is found to be dependent on the configuration of the energy system. Overall, including unit commitment constraints with integer variables leads to more realistic behaviour of the units, at the cost of increasing considerably the computational time. Relaxing integer variables reduces significantly the computational time, without highly compromising the accuracy of the results. The proposed model, together with the insights from the study case, can be specially useful for system operators for optimal operational planning.

Large-scale siliciclastic input during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum in the North Sea Basin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simin Jin ◽  
David Kemp ◽  
David Jolley ◽  
Manuel Vieira ◽  
Chunju Huang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Sediment Supply ◽  
Deep Time ◽  
The North ◽  
Thermal Maximum ◽  
The North Sea

&lt;p&gt;The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, ~56 Ma) was the most marked climate warming event of the Cenozoic, and a potentially useful deep time analogue for understanding environmental responses to anthropogenic carbon emissions and associated warming. The response of sedimentary systems to the large-scale climate changes of the PETM are, however, still uncertain. Here, we present an extremely thick (~140 m) record of the PETM in cores from a well in the North Sea, offshore UK. In this well, a thick Paleocene-Eocene interval is developed owing to uplift of the East Shetland Platform in the late Paleocene. Carbon isotope data through this well, coupled with detailed sedimentological analysis, show that the PETM interval is contemporaneous with &gt;200 sandstone turbidites layers. Mud deposition without turbidites dominated sedimentation below and above the PETM. These observations support previous work from other localities highlighting how climate warming during the PETM likely drove substantial changes in hydrological cycling, erosion and sediment supply. Spectral analysis of turbidite recurrence in the PETM interval suggests that the abundance of turbidites was modulated in part by ~21 kyr astronomical precession climate cycles, further emphasizing a potential climatic control on turbidite sedimentation. In detail, we note a kiloyear-scale time lag between onset of the PETM carbon isotope excursion and the appearance of turbidites in the succession, highlighting a delay between PETM carbon release and warming and the basin-wide response in sediment supply.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals XV. Some observations on the peculiarity of the tides between Fairleigh and the North Foreland; with an explanation of the supposed meeting of the tides near Dungeness

1819 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
pp. 217-233 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The Subject

Having observed that several Charts and Books of Navi­gation assert, that the tides from the North Sea and the Channel, or the Eastern and Western tides, meet in the vicinity of Dungeness and Rye harbour ; and that, on such authority, this opinion has been too generally adopted by those, who have not had the opportunity or the inclination of making personal observations ; as well as by the pilots on this part of the coast, who from being incapable, for the most part, of making observations or deducing inferences from facts before them, readily embrace the first theory they meet with in print , however erroneous or inconsistent ; I have been induced to bestow all the attention in my power to the phænomena of the tides between Fairleigh and the North Foreland, and now venture to submit the result of my observations to the notice of the Royal Society. From having cruised constantly within these limits for nearly two years and a half, I have had many opportunities of making observations ; but I must, nevertheless, profess my readi­ness to admit any alteration or improvement which may be pointed out by those more conversant with the subject; truth alone being the object of my enquiries.

Wind wake effects of large offshore wind farms, an underrated impact on the marine ecosystem?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinna Schrum ◽  
Naveed Akhtar ◽  
Nils Christiansen ◽  
Jeff Carpenter ◽  
Ute Daewel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Ocean Hydrodynamics

&lt;p&gt;The North Sea is a world-wide hot-spot in offshore wind energy production and installed capacity is rapidly increasing. Current and potential future developments raise concerns about the implications for the environment and ecosystem. Offshore wind farms change the physical environment across scales in various ways, which have the potential to modify biogeochemical fluxes and ecosystem structure. The foundations of wind farms cause oceanic wakes and sediment fluxes into the water column. Oceanic wakes have spatial scales of about O(1km) and structure local ecosystems within and in the vicinity of wind farms. Spatially larger effects can be expected from wind deficits and atmospheric boundary layer turbulence arising from wind farms. Wind disturbances extend often over muliple tenths of kilometer and are detectable as large scale wind wakes. Moreover, boundary layer disturbances have the potential to change the local weather conditions and foster e.g. local cloud development. The atmospheric changes in turn changes ocean circulation and turbulence on the same large spatial scales and modulate ocean nutrient fluxes. The latter directly influences biological productivity and food web structure. These cascading effects from atmosphere to ocean hydrodynamics, biogeochemistry and foodwebs are likely underrated while assessing potential and risks of offshore wind.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We present latest evidence for local to regional environmental impacts, with a focus on wind wakes and discuss results from observations, remote sensing and modelling.&amp;#160; Using a suite of coupled atmosphere, ocean hydrodynamic and biogeochemistry models, we quantify the impact of large-scale offshore wind farms in the North Sea. The local and regional meteorological effects are studied using the regional climate model COSMO-CLM and the coupled ocean hydrodynamics-ecosystem model ECOSMO is used to study the consequent effects on ocean hydrodynamics and ocean productivity. Both models operate at a horizontal resolution of 2km.&lt;/p&gt;

Regional Cooperation in the North Sea under Part ix of the Law of the Sea Convention

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-358
Author(s):  
Chris Whomersley
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
The North ◽  
House Of Lords ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Practical Effect ◽  
The Law

The importance of the North Sea is emphasised by the recent House of Lords report on maritime cooperation there. This prompts a consideration of the international legal principles underpinning such cooperation, as well as a description of the means by which the North Sea States have given practical effect to this cooperation, particularly in relation to living resources and the marine environment.

scholarly journals First record of the rare crab Asthenognathus atlanticus Monod, 1933 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Varunidae) in the North Sea

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 352-358
Author(s):  
Marco Faasse ◽  
Hendrik Gheerardyn ◽  
Rob Witbaard ◽  
Joël Cuperus
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
First Record ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Distribution Range ◽  
Marine Waters ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Northward Expansion ◽  
First Time

Abstract Several species new to the area were collected while monitoring Dutch marine waters using a dredge. The varunid crab Asthenognathus atlanticus Monod, 1933 was recorded for the first time in the North Sea. Until 2008, this relatively rare crab was known from the west coast of Africa and the western Mediterranean to northern Brittany in the north. In recent years, its distribution range has expanded, as indicated by records from the Bay of the Seine and the area around Dieppe-Le Tréport. Our finding from Brown Bank (southern North Sea) indicates a further, northward expansion of its distribution range. We list the hosts with which the crab is associated. Earlier arguments for climate change as an explanation for the northward range expansion are supported.

scholarly journals Characteristics of dissolved and atmospheric methane concentrations along a freshwater-seawater transect from the River Elbe into the North Sea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingeborg Bussmann ◽  
Holger Brix ◽  
Norbert Kamjunke ◽  
Uta Ködel ◽  
Matthias Koschorreck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Atmospheric Methane ◽  
The North ◽  
River Elbe ◽  
The North Sea

&lt;p&gt;Surface waters are known to be significant sources of greenhouse gases (CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;), but our understanding of large scale patterns is still incomplete. The greenhouse gases in rivers originate both from in-stream processes and interactions with the catchment. For coastal seas, rivers are suspected to be one of the main source of greenhouse gases, while the role of the interjacent tidal flats is still ambiguous. Especially the reaction of the entire system on terrestrial hydrological extremes such as low flow situations are still under consideration. The functional understanding of such events and their impacts on the water chemistry along its transition pathway in the terrestrial and limnic compartment as well as in the coastal marine environment is crucially needed for the evaluation of its relevance in the Earth system. As part of a MOSES campaign (Modular Observation Solutions for Earth Systems) spanning disciplines as well as earth system compartments we investigated the aquatic as well as the atmospheric compartemt in and above the Elbe River from inland waters through the tidal section of the river and the estuary to the North Sea with the goal to explore spatial heterogeneity of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations in the water and in ambient air above the water during a low water period in summer 2020.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Overall, dissolved CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations ranged over three orders of magnitude. Along the freshwater part of the transect, dissolved CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; increased and weirs and harbors appeared to be hot spots of elevated CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations both for the dissolved and atmospheric phase. We observed a longitudinal gradient of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in the river which was closely linked to primary production. In the estuary and the marine part, dissolved CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations of the transect were determined by the variability of temperature and salinity. Correlations with other water parameters revealed the complex regulation of dissolved CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations along the freshwater-seawater continuum. For atmospheric CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; above the North Sea, wind direction and wind speed proved to be crucial. Besides the typical diurnal fluctuations of atmospheric CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, an observed link between dissolved and atmospheric concentrations has to&amp;#160; be further clarified.&lt;/p&gt;

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