The Effects of Texture and Number of Parts on the Ability of Music Majors to Detect Performance Errors

1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Byo
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Music Majors ◽  
Error Type ◽  
Musical Excerpts ◽  
Performance Errors ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Recorded Performances

The purpose of this study was to examine graduate and undergraduate music majors' ability to detect pitch arid rhythm errors in one-, two-, and three-part settings of texturally contrasting musical excerpts. A stimulus audiotape consisting of 12 excerpts resulted from the following arrangement by texture and number of parts: 4 one-part excerpts, 2 two-part and 2 three-part homorhythmic excerpts, and 2 two-part and 2 three-part polyrhythmic excerpts. Subjects ( N = 150) listened to purposefully marred recorded performances of these excerpts and attempted to identify pitch and rhythm errors by circling appropriate places on correctly notated scores. Results of analyses of variance with repeated measures on correct responses indicated significant main effects of degree status (graduate students were more accurate than were undergraduates); number of parts (subjects were most accurate in one-part settings, less accurate in two-part settings, and least accurate in three-part settings); texture (subjects were more accurate in homorhythmic texture than in polyrhythmic texture); and. error type (subjects were more accurate detecting rhythm errors than pitch errors). Significant interactions indicated that these variables did not function independently of each other.

Racial Battle Fatigue: The Experiences of Black/African American, Biracial Black, and Multiracial Black Identified Graduate Students

2021 ◽  
pp. 009579842110026
Author(s):  
Catherine C. Ragland Woods ◽  
Krista M. Chronister ◽  
Aleksandria Perez Grabow ◽  
William E. Woods ◽  
Kyndl Woodlee
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Racial Microaggressions ◽  
Black African ◽  
Student Role ◽  
Education Experience ◽  
White Institutions ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Battle Fatigue ◽  
Clinical Graduate Students

Black students attending historically White institutions of higher education experience racism, racial microaggressions, racial stress, and consequent racial battle fatigue (RBF; Franklin et al., 2014). We examined Black counseling and clinical graduate students’ (BGS) experiences of psychological, physiological, and behavioral RBF across their roles as students in class, advisees, and supervisees and differences in RBF experiences by gender and race. Participants were 57 counseling and clinical graduate students who identified as Monoracial, Biracial, or Multiracial Black. One-way, repeated measures analysis of variance results showed that BGS experienced the highest levels of RBF in their student-in-class role, and those experiences differed for women and men. Results suggest that the RBF framework has utility for measuring and further understanding how BGS’ student role and learning contexts influence their postsecondary experiences and how institutions can develop better supports for this student population.

scholarly journals Forefoot Striking Is More Effective in Reducing Loadrates than Increasing Cadence in Runners

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 2473011418S0005
Author(s):  
Erin Futrell ◽  
Irene Davis
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Auditory Signal ◽  
Gait Retraining ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Impact Forces ◽  
Running Injuries ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Wireless Accelerometer ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Vertical Impact

Category: Sports Introduction/Purpose: Vertical impact forces are highly influenced by the way the foot contacts the ground. These impact forces are associated with high loading rates which have been related to running injuries. As a result, clinicians have begun to use gait retraining interventions to reduce loadrates and prevent future impact-related injuries. Two types of gait retraining techniques have been promoted to reduce excessive running impacts. The first involves increasing cadence (CAD), or number of steps per minute, by 5-10%, thereby reducing stride length. The second type of gait retraining involves landing on the ball of the foot at ground contact, or using a forefoot strike (FFS). Both of these gait-retraining styles have been reported to reduce impacts, but they have not been compared with each other. Methods: 33 healthy runners (9M, 24F), running 5-15 mpw, with a rearfoot strike pattern with cadence < 170 steps/min were recruited. Subjects were randomly allocated to either FFS or CAD retraining. All subjects underwent an 8-session gait retraining program (over 2-3 wks) with auditory feedback on a treadmill. The CAD group ran to a digital metronome to increase cadence by 7.5%. The FFS group wore a wireless accelerometer that provided an auditory signal on footstrike pattern. A gait analysis was conducted at baseline, 1 wk, 1 month, and 6 months. Variables included vertical average and instantaneous load rates (VALR, VILR). A 2 x 4 repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare differences within and between the CAD and FFS groups at baseline, 1 week, 1 month and 6 months post retraining. For variables with significant interactions, simple main effects of group, as well as time were further explored using one-way ANOVA Results: There were significant interaction effects of time*group for VALR (p= 0.001), VILR (p=0.001) and foot angle (p< 0.001), but not cadence. For the simple main effects for the CAD group, VALR reduced by 14%, 7% and 16% at 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months post gait retraining respectively, compared with baseline (Figure 1). However, these reductions were not significant. For the FFS group, VALR was significantly reduced by 50%, 51% and 51% at 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months post gait retraining respectively. Interestingly, both the CAD and FFS groups increased cadence by similar amounts. Conclusion: Transitioning to a FFS pattern is significantly more effective than increasing CAD when reducing vertical loadrate (both VALR and VILR) is the goal. These changes persisted out to 6 months post gait retraining, suggesting permanence of the new pattern.

Transdermal delivery of carnosine into equine skeletal muscle

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
B.P. Dieter ◽  
C.J. Macias ◽  
T.J. Sharpe ◽  
B. Roberts ◽  
M. Wille ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Thoroughbred Racehorses ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Main Effects

The dipeptide carnosine consists of β-alanine and L-histidine. It plays a major role in skeletal muscle metabolism, especially as an intracellular buffer and antioxidant. Increasing intramuscular carnosine has been shown to improve recovery from exercise and increase anaerobic threshold and time-to-exhaustion. Dietary supplementation with carnosine does not effectively increase intramuscular carnosine due to the presence of carnosinase in the blood. However, an effective transdermal delivery process could expediently increase intramuscular concentrations of carnosine. This study’s objective was to examine the efficacy of a transdermal system for delivering carnosine into the skeletal muscle of horses, using a randomised, placebo controlled, crossover study. Carnosine plus a proprietary transdermal delivery agent or the agent alone (placebo) were applied to the middle gluteal muscles of 10 Thoroughbred racehorses, and muscle biopsies were taken before and 30, 60, and 120 min after application. Muscle carnosine concentration was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to test for the main effects of time and treatment (placebo or carnosine) as well as an interaction between time and treatment. Independent F-tests examined the change in intramuscular carnosine levels from baseline to each time point (30, 60, and 120 min). There was a significant main effect of treatment (P=0.004), no significant main effect for time (P=0.18), and a non-significant interaction of treatment with time (P=0.08). Mean intramuscular carnosine concentrations increased from baseline to 120 min. Compared to concentrations following placebo application, carnosine was greater by ~35% at 30 min (P=0.002) and ~46% after 60 min (P=0.044), but not at 120 min (P=0.20). The results indicated that intramuscular carnosine can be increased using a transdermal delivery system within 60 min of application which could have important implications for the health of horses, and their capacity to perform and recover from physical activity.

scholarly journals Effects of Pitch and Rhythm Priming Tasks on Accuracy and Fluency During Sight-Reading

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-269
Author(s):  
Christine R. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Sight Reading ◽  
Exposure Condition ◽  
Pitch Accuracy ◽  
Wind Instrumentalists ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Priming Condition ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Performance Scale

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of pitch and rhythm priming tasks on sight-reading accuracy and fluency. High school wind instrumentalists ( N = 182) were assigned to one of four experimental groups: pre-/posttest rhythm, pre-/posttest pitch, posttest-only rhythm, or posttest-only pitch. Participants sight-read selected stimulus exercises from the Watkins-Farnum Performance Scale and completed two priming treatments and a control condition as part of a repeated-measures design. A three-way repeated-measures MANOVA, with rhythm accuracy, pitch accuracy, and fluency accuracy as dependent measures, revealed a significant main effect due to priming condition. Rhythm accuracy scores were significantly lower after both perceptual and conceptual priming than after a control condition. No significant differences in pitch accuracy or fluency existed based on priming condition. No significant differences were found in rhythm, pitch, or fluency accuracy based on treatment condition (pitch or rhythm) or exposure condition (pre-/posttest or post only). Two-way repeated-measures MANOVAs revealed significant main effects based on time. Pitch accuracy and fluency each significantly improved between pre- and posttest and from the first to third study tasks. Results suggest that performing rhythm alone or pitch alone requires different cognitive processes than does performing both together.

scholarly journals Time Course and Magnitude of Tolerance to the Ergogenic Effect of Caffeine on the Second Ventilatory Threshold

Life ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 343
Author(s):  
Carlos Ruiz-Moreno ◽  
Beatriz Lara ◽  
Jorge Gutiérrez-Hellín ◽  
Jaime González-García ◽  
Juan Del Coso
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Ergogenic Effect ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Main Effects

Pre-exercise caffeine ingestion has been shown to increase the workload at ventilatory threshold, suggesting an ergogenic effect of this stimulant on submaximal aerobic exercise. However, the time course of tolerance to the effect of caffeine on ventilatory threshold is unknown. This study aimed to determine the evolution of tolerance to the ergogenic effect of caffeine on the ventilatory threshold. Methods: Eleven participants (age 32.3 ± 4.9 yrs, height 171 ± 8 cm, body mass 66.6 ± 13.6 kg, VO2max = 48.0 ± 3.8 mL/kg/min) took part in a longitudinal, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover experimental design. Each participant took part in two identical treatments: in one treatment, participants ingested a capsule containing 3 mg of caffeine per kg of body mass per day (mg/kg/day) for twenty consecutive days; in the other treatment, participants ingested a capsule filled with a placebo for the same duration and frequency. During these treatments, participants performed a maximal ramp test on a cycle ergometer three times per week and the second ventilatory threshold (VT2) was assessed by using the ventilatory equivalents for oxygen and carbon dioxide. Results: A two-way ANOVA with repeated measures (substance × time) revealed statistically significant main effects of caffeine (p < 0.01) and time (p = 0.04) on the wattage obtained at VT2, although there was no interaction (p = 0.09). In comparison to the placebo, caffeine increased the workload at VT2 on days 1, 4, 6 and 15 of ingestion (p < 0.05). The size of the ergogenic effect of caffeine over the placebo on the workload at VT2 was progressively reduced with the duration of the treatment. In addition, there were main effects of caffeine (p = 0.03) and time (p = 0.16) on VO2 obtained at VT2, with no interaction (p = 0.49). Specifically, caffeine increased oxygen uptake at VT2 on days 1 and 4 (p < 0.05), with no other caffeine–placebo differences afterwards. For heart rate obtained at VT2, there was a main effect of substance (p < 0.01), while the overall effect of time (p = 0.13) and the interaction (p = 0.22) did not reach statistical significance. Heart rate at VT2 was higher with caffeine than with the placebo on days 1 and 4 (p < 0.05). The size of the effect of caffeine on VO2 and heart at VT2 tended to decline over time. Conclusion: Pre-exercise intake of 3 mg/kg/day of caffeine for twenty days enhanced the wattage obtained at VT2 during cycling ramp tests for ~15 days of ingestion, while there was a progressive attenuation of the size of the ergogenic effect of caffeine on this performance variable. Therefore, habituation to caffeine through daily ingestion may reduce the ergogenic effect of this stimulant on aerobic exercise of submaximal intensity.

scholarly journals Influence of intranasal oxytocin on fear consolidation in healthy humans

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. e100131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Hoge ◽  
Eric Bui ◽  
Peter Rosencrans ◽  
Scott Orr ◽  
Rachel Ross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Skin Conductance Response ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Fear Learning ◽  
Drug Trials ◽  
Conditioning Procedure ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
Main Effects

BackgroundAlthough recent data in healthy humans suggestthat treatment with intranasal oxytocin (OT) may facilitate extinction recall,to date, little is known about the effects of OT on memory consolidationprocesses.AimTo examine the effect of intranasal administration of OT compared with placebo on memory consolidation blockade of a de novo fear memory in a classical 2-day fear conditioning procedure.ResultsThere were no significant differences between the OT and the placebo groups on the first two extinction trials (mean (SD)=0.01 (0.39) vs 0.15 (0.31), t=−1.092, p=0.28). Similarly, during early extinction, analysis of variance for repeated measures failed to show significant main effects of extinction trials: trials (F(4, 112)=1.58, p=0.18), drug (F(1, 112)=0.13, p=0.72) or drug × trials interaction (F(4, 112)=0.76, p=0.56).ConclusionOur results suggest that OT administered in a double-blind fashion immediately after fear conditioning does not significantly reduce consolidation of fear learning as measured by a differential skin conductance response tested at the beginning of extinction.

Efficacy of Using Physical Activity Mentors to Increase the Daily Steps of Older Adults in the Primary Care Setting: A Pilot Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen A. Croteau ◽  
Vijiayurani Suresh ◽  
Elanna Farnham
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Primary Care ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Care Setting ◽  
Primary Care Setting ◽  
Chronic Illnesses ◽  
Main Effects

The purpose of this pilot study was to determine if using physical activity (PA) mentors has any additional impact on daily steps of older adults participating in the Maine in Motion (MIM) program in the primary care setting. Participants were randomly assigned to a MIM-only group (n= 14) or a MIM+ mentor group (n= 14). The MIM intervention lasted 6 months with follow-up at 12 months. Average age of participants was 64 ± 8.8 years and most participants had multiple chronic illnesses. At baseline, mean body mass index (BMI) was 32.2 ± 5.1 and average daily steps were 4,236 ± 2,266. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significant main effects for steps,F(2.324, 59.104) = 4.168,p= .015, but no main effects for group,F(1, 25) = 2.988,p= .096, or time-by-group interaction,F(2.324, 59.104) = 0.905,p= .151. All participants significantly increased daily steps over the course of the intervention, with MIM+ participants maintaining increases at follow-up. No significant findings were found for BMI.

scholarly journals Ankle Bracing, Plantar-Flexion Angle, and Ankle Muscle Latencies During Inversion Stress in Healthy Participants

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Kernozek ◽  
Christopher J. Durall ◽  
Allison Friske ◽  
Matthew Mussallem
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Ankle Injuries ◽  
Flexion Angle ◽  
Electromyographic Activity ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Ankle Muscle ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
And Inversion ◽  
Healthy Females

Abstract Context: Ankle braces may enhance ankle joint proprioception, which in turn may affect reflexive ankle muscle activity during a perturbation. Despite the common occurrence of plantar-flexion inversion ankle injuries, authors of previous studies of ankle muscle latencies have focused on inversion stresses only. Objective: To examine the latency of the peroneus longus (PL), peroneus brevis (PB), and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles in response to various degrees of combined plantar-flexion and inversion stresses in braced and unbraced asymptomatic ankles. Design: Repeated measures. Setting: University biomechanics laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-eight healthy females and 12 healthy males (n = 40: mean age = 23.63 years, range = 19 to 30 years; height = 172.75 ± 7.96 cm; mass = 65.53 ± 12.0 kg). Intervention(s): Participants were tested under 2 conditions: wearing and not wearing an Active Ankle T1 brace while dropping from a custom-made platform into 10°, 20°, and 30° of plantar flexion and 30° of inversion. Main Outcome Measure(s): The time between platform drop and the onset of PL, PB, and TA electromyographic activity was measured to determine latencies. We calculated a series of 2-way analyses of variance to determine if latencies were different between the conditions (braced and unbraced) and among the plantar-flexion angles (α = .05). Results: No interaction was found between condition and plantar-flexion angle. No significant main effects were found for condition or plantar-flexion angle. Overall means for braced and unbraced conditions were not significantly different for each muscle tested. Overall means for angle for the PL, PB, and TA were not significantly different. Conclusions: Reflexive activity of the PL, PB, or TA was unaffected by the amount of plantar flexion or by wearing an Active Ankle T1 brace during an unanticipated plantar-flexion inversion perturbation.

scholarly journals The Effects of Repeated Readings and Attentional Cues on Reading Fluency and Comprehension

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence J. O'Shea ◽  
Paul T. Sindelar ◽  
Dorothy J. O'Shea
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Reading Fluency ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Reading Rate ◽  
Third Graders ◽  
Repeated Readings ◽  
Attentional Shift ◽  
Fluency And Comprehension ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Attentional Cues

The failure of some researchers to find improved reading comprehension with increased fluency may result from the assumption that readers automatically shift attention to comprehension when fluency is established. Research on cuing readers to a purpose in reading suggests that a simple cue about comprehension may be sufficient to prompt this attentional shift. In this study, the effects of repeated readings and attentional cues on measures of reading fluency and comprehension were examined. Thirty third graders read separate passages one, three, and seven times following cues to attend to either reading rate or meaning. After the final reading of each passage, the students retold as much of the story as they could. Fluency and proportion of story propositions retold were analyzed in repeated measures analyses of variance. Significant main effects for both repeated readings and attentional cues were obtained on both dependent measures. Thus, both fluency and comprehension increased as the number of repeated readings increased. In addition, readers cued to fluency read faster but comprehended less than those cued to comprehension. These results suggest that increasing fluency is a less efficient means of improving comprehension than presenting cues about comprehension.

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