Transdermal delivery of carnosine into equine skeletal muscle

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
B.P. Dieter ◽  
C.J. Macias ◽  
T.J. Sharpe ◽  
B. Roberts ◽  
M. Wille ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Thoroughbred Racehorses ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Main Effects

The dipeptide carnosine consists of β-alanine and L-histidine. It plays a major role in skeletal muscle metabolism, especially as an intracellular buffer and antioxidant. Increasing intramuscular carnosine has been shown to improve recovery from exercise and increase anaerobic threshold and time-to-exhaustion. Dietary supplementation with carnosine does not effectively increase intramuscular carnosine due to the presence of carnosinase in the blood. However, an effective transdermal delivery process could expediently increase intramuscular concentrations of carnosine. This study’s objective was to examine the efficacy of a transdermal system for delivering carnosine into the skeletal muscle of horses, using a randomised, placebo controlled, crossover study. Carnosine plus a proprietary transdermal delivery agent or the agent alone (placebo) were applied to the middle gluteal muscles of 10 Thoroughbred racehorses, and muscle biopsies were taken before and 30, 60, and 120 min after application. Muscle carnosine concentration was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to test for the main effects of time and treatment (placebo or carnosine) as well as an interaction between time and treatment. Independent F-tests examined the change in intramuscular carnosine levels from baseline to each time point (30, 60, and 120 min). There was a significant main effect of treatment (P=0.004), no significant main effect for time (P=0.18), and a non-significant interaction of treatment with time (P=0.08). Mean intramuscular carnosine concentrations increased from baseline to 120 min. Compared to concentrations following placebo application, carnosine was greater by ~35% at 30 min (P=0.002) and ~46% after 60 min (P=0.044), but not at 120 min (P=0.20). The results indicated that intramuscular carnosine can be increased using a transdermal delivery system within 60 min of application which could have important implications for the health of horses, and their capacity to perform and recover from physical activity.

scholarly journals Effects of Pitch and Rhythm Priming Tasks on Accuracy and Fluency During Sight-Reading

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-269
Author(s):  
Christine R. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Sight Reading ◽  
Exposure Condition ◽  
Pitch Accuracy ◽  
Wind Instrumentalists ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Priming Condition ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Performance Scale

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of pitch and rhythm priming tasks on sight-reading accuracy and fluency. High school wind instrumentalists ( N = 182) were assigned to one of four experimental groups: pre-/posttest rhythm, pre-/posttest pitch, posttest-only rhythm, or posttest-only pitch. Participants sight-read selected stimulus exercises from the Watkins-Farnum Performance Scale and completed two priming treatments and a control condition as part of a repeated-measures design. A three-way repeated-measures MANOVA, with rhythm accuracy, pitch accuracy, and fluency accuracy as dependent measures, revealed a significant main effect due to priming condition. Rhythm accuracy scores were significantly lower after both perceptual and conceptual priming than after a control condition. No significant differences in pitch accuracy or fluency existed based on priming condition. No significant differences were found in rhythm, pitch, or fluency accuracy based on treatment condition (pitch or rhythm) or exposure condition (pre-/posttest or post only). Two-way repeated-measures MANOVAs revealed significant main effects based on time. Pitch accuracy and fluency each significantly improved between pre- and posttest and from the first to third study tasks. Results suggest that performing rhythm alone or pitch alone requires different cognitive processes than does performing both together.

Environmental Information Required by Individuals with Visual Impairments Who Use Orientation and Mobility Aids to Navigate Campuses

2020 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 263-276
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Papadopoulos ◽  
Konstantinos Charitakis ◽  
Eleni Koustriava ◽  
Georgios Kouroupetroglou ◽  
Rainer Stiefelhagen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Visual Impairments ◽  
Environmental Information ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Mobility Aids ◽  
Orientation And Mobility ◽  
Information Safety ◽  
Convenience Sampling ◽  
Tactile Maps

Introduction: This study investigated the user requirements of individuals with visual impairments regarding the information to be included in orientation and mobility (O&M) aids in order for optimally useful audio-tactile maps of campuses to be developed. In addition, this study aimed at investigating the importance (usefulness) that individuals with visual impairments attribute to environmental information of campuses. Methods: The researchers listed 213 pieces of environmental information concerning campuses and address them in survey by conducting a respective questionnaire. Participants were asked to evaluate the information, regarding the importance or usefulness of the information in regard to safety, location of services, and orientation and wayfinding during movement. Through convenience sampling 115 adults (aged from 18 to 64 years) with visual impairments from four countries (Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, and Germany) took part in the research. Results: Pieces of environmental information, sorted in descending order starting with the most useful ones, have been listed. A repeated measures analysis of variance yielded a significant main effect for the type of information (safety, location of services, and wayfinding and orientation): F(2, 228) = 70.868, p < .001. Discussion: This study resulted in the specification of the most significant or useful information that should be included in O&M aids of campuses for individuals with visual impairments. Implications for practitioners: The results of this study will hold the interest of developers of O&M aids, O&M practitioners, rehabilitation teachers, and instructors who design and construct O&M aids. Moreover, the context for appropriately designed tactile or audio-tactile maps for campuses is provided, and campuses around the world could rely on this study for the creation of a valuable accessibility aid.

Influence of Movement Activities on Shape Recognition and Retention

1979 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-118
Author(s):  
Carl P. Gabbard ◽  
Charles H. Shea
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Shape Recognition ◽  
Traditional Classroom ◽  
Assessment Instrument ◽  
Form Perception ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Movement Activities ◽  
Group 1

Three groups of 4-yr.-old children were asked to complete a form perception assessment instrument prior to, 1 hr. after, and 1 wk. following a treatment. Group 1 participated in a movement-based form perception program, while Group 2 was instructed using a traditional classroom method. A third group which acted as control participated in unrelated movement activities. A repeated-measures analysis of variance gave a main effect of tests and an interaction of groups × tests. Group 2 displayed significantly higher performance on the posttest than Group 1; however, after 7 wk. the performance of Group 2 had decreased to a level below that of Groups 1 and 3, which remained stable.

Investigation of Eligible Picture Categories for Use as Environmental Cues in Dementia-Sensitive Environments

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 64-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Motzek ◽  
Kathrin Bueter ◽  
Gesine Marquardt
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Cognitively Impaired ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Abbreviated Mental Test ◽  
Picture Content ◽  
State Examination

Objectives: Environmental cues, such as pictures, could be helpful in improving room-finding and wayfinding abilities among older patients. The aim of this study was to identify picture categories that are preferred and easily remembered by older patients and cognitively impaired patients and which therefore might be suitable for use as environmental cues in acute care settings. Methods: Twelve pictures were presented to a sample of older patients ( n = 37). The pictures represented different categories: familiarity (familiar vs. unfamiliar), type of shot (close-up vs. wide shot), and picture content (nature vs. animal vs. urban). We tested the patients’ votes of preference and abilities to identify and immediately recall pictures. Cognitively impaired patients ( n = 14) were assessed by the abbreviated mental test and the mini mental state examination and were compared with patients without cognitive impairments ( n = 23) using a repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: The results showed a main effect of familiarity on positive vote and recall of pictures. The absence of interaction effects of familiarity and group indicated an overall impact of familiarity on the sample. Within cognitively impaired patients, a significant difference in recall of picture content between urban (20%) and animal (9%) was found. Conclusions: Pictures, which patients were able to relate to in terms of familiarity and the characteristics urban and nature, seem to be suitable for use as environmental cues. Besides functioning as such, we assume, based on literature, that pictures could further enhance the ambiance or serve as prompts for communication and interaction.

Effect of Monitor Placement on the Daily Step Counts of Wrist and Hip Activity Monitors

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-169
Author(s):  
Susan Park ◽  
Lindsay P. Toth ◽  
Scott E. Crouter ◽  
Cary M. Springer ◽  
Robert T. Marcotte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Styloid Process ◽  
Pairwise Comparisons ◽  
Daily Step ◽  
Ulnar Styloid ◽  
Activity Monitors ◽  
Step Counts ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Right ◽  
Main Effects

Purpose: To examine the effect of activity monitor placement on daily step counts when monitors are worn at different positions on the wrist/forearm and the hip. Methods: Participants (N = 18) wore eight different models (four wrist and four hip models) across four days. Each day, one hip and one wrist model were selected, and four identical monitors of each model were worn on the right hip and the non-dominant wrist/forearm, respectively, during all waking hours. Step counts of each monitor were compared to the same model worn in the referent position (wrist: proximal to ulnar styloid process; hip: midline of thigh). Percent of referent steps and mean difference between observed and referent positions were computed. Significant differences in steps between positions for each method were determined using one-way repeated measures ANOVAs. For significant main effects, pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni corrections were used to determine which positions were significantly different. Results: All wrist methods showed a significant main effect for placement (p < .05) and alternate positions were 1–16% lower than the referent position. For hip methods, only the Omron HJ-325 differed across positions (p < .05), but differences were among non-referent positions and all were within ±2% of steps recorded by the referent position. Conclusions: Researchers should be aware that positions that deviate from the manufacturer’s recommended position at the wrist could influence step counts. Of all hip methods examined, the Omron had a significant placement effect which did not constitute a practical difference.

Construction and Validation of the Mills Inventory of Preferred Leisure Activities

1981 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen H. Mills ◽  
Joseph C. Bledsoe
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Total Variance ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Insight Into

A 55-item inventory of preferences for leisure activities mentioned in the literature was administered to 235 conference participants and responses factor analyzed. Six factors accounted for 47.2% of the total variance. Four items were discarded. A repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated no significant differences in preferences for Passive, Physically Active, Social, and Learning-related activities, but these four factors were preferred to mental activities, which in turn were preferred over creative activities. Main effects for general (undifferentiated) activities of age, income, sex, race, occupation, and education were non-significant, but significant interactions between these main effects and the six activities factors indicated that the inventory may provide insight into preferences related to these effects.

The Effects of Group versus Individual Goal Setting on Bowling Performance

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott R. Johnson ◽  
Andrew C. Ostrow ◽  
Frank M. Perna ◽  
Edward F. Etzel
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Group Versus ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Goal Difficulty ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Goal Condition ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Main Effects

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of group and individual goal setting versus a control condition on bowling performance (BP), personal goals (PG), and perceived goal difficulty (PGD) across five weeks. Novice bowlers (N = 36) were randomly assigned to one of the three goal conditions. Three separate 3 × 5 (Goal Condition × Time: Weeks of Study) repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant main effects for time on BP and PGD, and significant group by time interaction effects on BP and PG. The significant group × time interaction effects revealed that participants in the group goal setting condition increased both BP and PG relatively more than participants in the other goal setting conditions. Therefore, group goal setting may enhance performance in an individual sport by potentially increasing personal goal setting under difficult performance demands.

The Work Endurance Recovery Method for Quantifying Training Loads in Judo

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 913-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Morales ◽  
Emerson Franchini ◽  
Xavier Garcia-Massó ◽  
Mónica Solana-Tramunt ◽  
Bernat Buscà ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Recovery Method ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Judo Athletes ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Purpose:To adapt the work endurance recovery (WER) method based on randori maximal time to exhaustion (RMTE) for combat situations in judo.Methods:Eleven international-standard judo athletes (7 men and 4 women; mean age 20.73 ± 2.49 y, height 1.72 ± 0.11 m, body mass 67.36 ± 10.67 kg) were recruited to take part in the study. All participants performed a maximal incremental test (MIT), a Wingate test (WIN), a Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT), and 2 RMTE tests. They then took part in a session at an international training camp in Barcelona, Spain, in which 4 methods of load quantification were implemented: the WER method, the Stagno method, the Lucia method, and the session rating of perceived exertion (RPEsession).Results:RMTE demonstrated a very high test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = .91), and correlations of the performance tests ranged from moderate to high: RMTE and MIT (r = .66), RMTE and WIN variables (r = .38–.53), RMTE and SJFT variables (r = .74–.77). The correlation between the WER method, which considers time to exhaustion, and the other systems for quantifying training load was high: WER and RPEsession (r = .87), WER and Stagno (r = .77), WER and Lucia (r = .73). A comparative repeated-measures analysis of variance of the normalized values of the quantification did not yield statistically significant differences.Conclusions:The WER method using RMTE is highly adaptable to quantify randori judo sessions and enables one to plan a priori individualized training loads.

In-Water Resisted Swim Training for Age-Group Swimmers: An Evaluation of Training Effects

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kosuke Kojima ◽  
Christopher L. Brammer ◽  
Tyler D. Sossong ◽  
Takashi Abe ◽  
Joel M. Stager
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Performance Variables ◽  
Swim Performance ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
And Performance

Purpose:The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of resisted sprint swim training with that of nonresisted sprint swim training on 50-m freestyle competition time (Vmax50) in age-group swimmers.Methods:Twenty-four age-group swimmers (age 10.6–14.9 y) were divided into resisted or nonresisted sprint swim training groups and completed a sprint swim training intervention 2 times per week for 10 weeks. Repeated 10-m sprints with progressively increasing resistance were used to determine measures of swim power. Skeletal muscle mass was estimated using B-mode ultrasound. Maturity status was estimated using predicted adult height (%Htadult) and maturity offset.Results:A 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed no group × time interaction for measured variables. Vmax50 was correlated with skeletal muscle mass and swim power variables, but no significant relationship was found between relative changes in these variables. Estimated maturity status (%Htadult) appeared to be associated with initial measures of swim power and performance variables.Conclusions:Ten weeks of resisted sprint swim training was not any more effective than nonresisted sprint swim training at improving sprint swim performance in age-group swimmers.

scholarly journals Performance of Physical Activities by Adolescents With Cerebral Palsy

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J Palisano ◽  
Wendy P Copeland ◽  
Barbara E Galuppi
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Transition Planning ◽  
Physical Therapist ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Gmfcs Level

Background and Purpose Mobility and self-care are important considerations for successful transition of adolescents with cerebral palsy to adulthood. The purpose of this study was to characterize performance of physical activities from the perspective of adolescents themselves. Subjects The subjects were 156 adolescents with cerebral palsy, 11.6 to 17.7 years of age. Methods A therapist completed the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). Adolescents completed the Activities Scale for Kids–Performance Version (ASKp) twice over a 1-year period. Results A repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated a main effect for GMFCS level. The main effect for time and the GMFCS level × time interaction were not significant. Post hoc comparisons indicated that ASKp scores differed among all GMFCS levels. Discussion and Conclusion Performance of physical activities by adolescents with cerebral palsy differed based on GMFCS level and did not change over 1 year. The ASKp scores of adolescents in levels II through V suggest the need for physical assistance at times throughout the day. The results have implications for the role of the physical therapist in transition planning.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document