Entering the 21st Century: The Middle East

2000 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 647
Author(s):  
Paul Kingston ◽  
Oded Haklai ◽  
Nader Hashemi
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
21St Century

scholarly journals Strongly increasing heat extremes in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) in the 21st century

2016 ◽  
Vol 137 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 245-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lelieveld ◽  
Y. Proestos ◽  
P. Hadjinicolaou ◽  
M. Tanarhte ◽  
E. Tyrlis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
21St Century ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Heat Extremes

The Franks of Outremer and their Western Brethren: examining the conflict through Roman Expansion in the Principality of Antioch and County of Tripoli (1230’s—1280’s)

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
С.П. Брюн
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
21St Century ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Crusader States ◽  
Western Expansion

Статья посвящена одной из главных тем и концептов в историографии крестовых походов – конфликту между западными крестоносцами «первого поколения» и франками Заморской земли (Outremer), т.е. теми, кто был рожден на Ближнем Востоке и не знал иного дома, кроме городов и долин Леванта. Автор критически анализирует концептуальные воззрения на суть данного конфликта в историографии XIX-XXI вв. и рассматривает полувековой опыт экспансии римской знати в княжестве Антиохийском и графстве Триполийском (инициированной браком князя Боэмунда V со знатной римлянкой, Люсьен де Сеньи). В отличие от широко-известного конфликта между братьями Лузиньянами и палестинскими баронами в 1180-х гг., экспансия римлян в Триполи и Антиохии действительно может служить редким и полноценным примером острого конфликта между притязаниями западных нобилей и интересами местных, левантийских элит на Латинском Востоке. The article deals with one of the main themes and concepts in the historiography of the Crusades – the conflict between the western, «first generation» Crusaders and pilgrims with the Franks of Outremer, those who were born and knew no home outside of the Middle East. The author critically examines the perception of the conflict in the 19th—21st century historiography, and proceeds with a study of the 50-year period of Roman aristocratic expansion in the Principality of Antioch and County of Tripoli (made possible through the marriage of Prince Bohemond V with the Roman noblewoman Lucien de Segni). This expansion – unlike the infamous clash between the Lusignan brothers and the Palestinian nobility in the 1180’s – was perhaps the purest manifestation of the conflict between consolidated western expansion and the local Levantine elites in the Crusader States.

scholarly journals The Rich North-west, The Poor Middle-east – Consumption In EU Households

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-63
Author(s):  
Marlena Piekut
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Consumer Spending ◽  
Freedom Of Choice ◽  
North West ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Favourable Situation

The aim of paper is to analyze household consumption in EU countries in the 21st century. The two hypotheses posited have been confirmed. The start of the 21st century saw an increase in consumer spending in EU households and reduction in the disparities between households of different countries. At the end of the first decade there was a stabilization in consumer spending. The differences in consumption between households can be considered as a) the effect of freedom of choice, and b) a consequence of specific restrictions that do not allow for an appropriate level of funds to meet household needs. Households with the most favourable situation are located in the United Kingdom and Austria. The most unfavourable situation can be observed in the households of Estonia, Latvia, Poland, Romania and Bulgaria.

scholarly journals KURDISH ISSUES IN THE MIDDLE EAST IN THE 21ST CENTURY

2020 ◽  
pp. 173-178
Author(s):  
M.S. Pashkevych ◽  
V.O. Pashkov ◽  
V.S. Mishchenko
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
21St Century

scholarly journals Spatial and temporal patterns of recent and future climate extremes in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East region

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 4425-4444
Author(s):  
E. Kostopoulou ◽  
C. Giannakopoulos ◽  
M. Hatzaki ◽  
A. Karali ◽  
P. Hadjinicolaou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Climate Extremes ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
East Region ◽  
Middle East Region

Abstract. Recent and future changes in temperature and precipitation climate extremes are estimated using the Hadley Centre PRECIS climate model for the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East region. The area of interest is considered vulnerable to extreme climate events as there is evidence for a temperature rise while precipitation tends to decline, suggesting likely effects on vital socioeconomic sectors in the region. Observations have been obtained for the recent period (1961–1990) and used to evaluate the model output. The spatial distribution of recent temporal trends in temperature indicates strong increasing in minimum temperature over the eastern Balkan Peninsula, Turkey and the Arabian Peninsula. The rate of warming reaches 0.4–0.5 °C decade−1 in a large part of the domain, while warming is expected to be strongest in summer (0.6–0.7 °C decade−1) in the E-Balkans and W-Turkey. The trends in annual and summer maximum temperature are estimated at approximately 0.5 and 0.6 °C decade−1. Recent estimates do not indicate statistically significant trends in precipitation except for individual sub-regions. Results indicate a future warming trend for the study area over the last 30 yr of the 21st century. Trends are estimated to be positive and statistically significant in nearly the entire region. The annual trend patterns for both minimum and maximum temperature show warming rates of approximately 0.4–0.6 °C decade−1, with pronounced warming over the Middle Eastern countries. Summer temperatures reveal a gradual warming (0.5–0.9 °C decade−1) over much of the region. The model projects drying trends by 5–30% in annual precipitation towards the end of the 21st century, with the number of wet days decreasing at the rate of 10–30 days yr−1, while heavy precipitation is likely to decrease in the high-elevation areas by 15 days yr−1.

Afroasiatic Languages

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zygmunt Frajzyngier
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
21St Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Writing System ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Semitic Languages ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
North West

Afroasiatic languages are the fourth largest linguistic phylum, spoken by some 350 million people in North, West, Central, and East Africa, in the Middle East, and in scattered communities in Europe, the United States, and the Caucasus. Some Afroasiatic languages, such as Arabic, Hausa, Amharic, Somali, and Oromo, are spoken by millions of people, while others are endangered with extinction. As of the early 21st century, the phylum is composed of six families: Egyptian (extinct), Semitic, Cushitic, Omotic, Berber, and Chadic. There are some typological features shared by all families, particularly in the domain of phonology. Languages are also typologically quite distinct with respect to syntax and functions encoded in the grammatical systems. Some Afroasiatic languages, such as Egyptian, Akkadian, Phoenician, Hebrew, Arabic, and Ge’ez, have a longtime written tradition, but for many languages no writing system has yet been proposed or adopted. The Old Semitic writing system gave rise to the modern alphabets used in thousands of unrelated contemporary languages. Two Semitic languages, Hebrew (with some Aramaic) and Arabic, were used to write the Old Testament and the Koran, the holy books of Judaism and Islam.

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