Cognition, Metacognition, and Achievement of College Students with Learning Disabilities

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 261-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Trainin ◽  
H. Lee Swanson
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Students With Learning Disabilities ◽  
Students With Ld

This study examined the way successful college students with LD compensated for their deficits in phonological processing. Successful was defined as average or above-average grades in college coursework. The study compared the cognitive and metacognitive performance of students with and without LD (N=40). Although achievement levels for both groups were comparable, students with LD scored significantly lower than students without LD in word reading, processing speed, semantic processing, and short-term memory. Differences were also found between groups in self-regulation and number of hours of studying. Results showed that students with LD compensated for their processing deficits by relying on verbal abilities, learning strategies, and help seeking.

scholarly journals Early Phonological Neural Specialization Predicts Later Growth in Word Reading Skills

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brianna L. Yamasaki ◽  
Karla Kay McGregor ◽  
James R. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Reading Skills ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Reading Growth ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Results

According to the Interactive Specialization Theory, cognitive skill development is facilitated by a process of neural specialization. In line with this theory, the current study investigated whether neural specialization for phonological and semantic processing at 5-to-6 years old was predictive of growth in word reading skills from 5-to-8 years old. Specifically, four regression models were estimated in which reading growth was predicted from: (1) an intercept-only model, (2) measures of semantic and phonological neural specialization, (3) performance on semantic and phonological behavioral tasks, or (4) a combination of neural specialization and behavioral performance. Results from the preregistered analyses revealed little evidence in favor of the hypothesis that early semantic and phonological skills predict growth in reading. However, results from the exploratory analyses, which included a larger sample, focused exclusively on the phonological predictors, and investigated relative growth in reading, demonstrated strong evidence that variability in phonological processing is predictive of growth in word reading skills. Specifically, the best fitting model included both measures of phonological neural specialization within the posterior superior temporal gyrus and performance on a phonological behavioral task. This work provides important preliminary evidence in favor of the Interactive Specialization Theory and, more specifically, for the role of phonological neural specialization in the development of early word reading skills.

scholarly journals Effective Instructional Design and Delivery for Teaching Task-Specific Learning Strategies to Students with Learning Disabilities

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles A. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Instructional Design ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Teaching Skills ◽  
General Description ◽  
Students With Learning Disabilities ◽  
Teaching Methodologies ◽  
Explicit Teaching ◽  
Students With Ld ◽  
Specific Learning

This article proposes that how learning strategies are taught to students with learning disabilities (LD) is as important as the strategies themselves. Moreover, the preponderance of existing research supports an explicit approach for designing and delivering lessons for teaching students with LD to learn and use task-specific learning strategies. To frame this discussion, the article presents a general description of task-specific learning strategies as well as an explanation as to why many students with LD need instruction in this area. Next, it offers the design and content features of task-specific strategies found in existing strategy curricula, followed by a brief summary of the research on effective elements of instruction for teaching skills and strategies to students with LD. The remainder of.the article focuses on how to teach task-specific learning strategies in ways that incorporate identified effective and explicit teaching methodologies that address a number of learning characteristics associated with learning disabilities.

scholarly journals Effective Instructional Design and Delivery for Teaching Task-Specific Learning Strategies to Students with Learning Disabilities

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles A. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Instructional Design ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Teaching Skills ◽  
General Description ◽  
Students With Learning Disabilities ◽  
Teaching Methodologies ◽  
Explicit Teaching ◽  
Students With Ld ◽  
Specific Learning

This article proposes that how learning strategies are taught to students with learning disabilities (LD) is as important as the strategies themselves. Moreover, the preponderance of existing research supports an explicit approach for designing and delivering lessons for teaching students with LD to learn and use task-specific learning strategies. To frame this discussion, the article presents a general description of task-specific learning strategies as well as an explanation as to why many students with LD need instruction in this area. Next, it offers the design and content features of task-specific strategies found in existing strategy curricula, followed by a brief summary of the research on effective elements of instruction for teaching skills and strategies to students with LD. The remainder of.the article focuses on how to teach task-specific learning strategies in ways that incorporate identified effective and explicit teaching methodologies that address a number of learning characteristics associated with learning disabilities.

scholarly journals Early Phonological Neural Specialization Predicts Later Growth in Word Reading Skills

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brianna L. Yamasaki ◽  
Karla K. McGregor ◽  
James R. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Reading Skills ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Behavioral Performance ◽  
Reading Growth ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Decisive Evidence ◽  
Performance Results

According to the Interactive Specialization Theory, cognitive skill development is facilitated by a process of neural specialization. In line with this theory, the current study investigated whether neural specialization for phonological and semantic processing at 5-to-6 years old was predictive of growth in word reading skills 2 years later. Specifically, four regression models were estimated in which reading growth was predicted from: (1) an intercept-only model; (2) measures of semantic and phonological neural specialization; (3) performance on semantic and phonological behavioral tasks; or (4) a combination of neural specialization and behavioral performance. Results from the preregistered analyses revealed little evidence in favor of the hypothesis that early semantic and phonological skills are predictive of growth in reading. However, results from the exploratory analyses, which included a larger sample, added age at Time 1 as a covariate, and investigated relative growth in reading, demonstrated decisive evidence that variability in phonological processing is predictive of reading growth. The best fitting model included both measures of specialization within the posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG) and behavioral performance. This work provides important evidence in favor of the Interactive Specialization Theory and, more specifically, for the role of phonological neural specialization in the development of early word reading skills.

Woordleerstrategieen Van Leerlingen In De Onderbouw Van Het Voortgezet Onderwijs

2007 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
Carla Driessen
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Education ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Vocabulary Learning ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Word Knowledge ◽  
New Words ◽  
Vocabulary Learning Strategies ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
On Line

To gain more insight into intentional vocabulary learning by students at secondary education three research questions wTere addressed: 1) According to students in the lower grades of secondary education, w7hat are good strategies for intentional vocabulary learning? 2) What vocabulary learning strategies do these students actually use? 3) How effective are the vocabulary learning strategies used? The research sfunved that the students value and demonstrate a variety of cognitive and meta-cognitive vocabulary learning strategies pertaining to 'non-elaboration of words', 'elaboration of words', 'planning', 'evaluation and self-regulation', and 'help seeking'. Differences were found between the students, but on the whole the quality of word knowledge is not optimal. Based on the research findings, several recommendations were formulated such as the exchange of learning strategies between students, the use of an on-line vocabulary learning programme with special attention to word forms, and the organisation of learning experiences in which students draw pictures of new words and invent ludicrous, bizarre or emotionally significant sentences for the words in order to promote vocabulary acquisition.

Writing Issues in College Students with Learning Disabilities: A Synthesis of the Literature from 1990 to 2000

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huijun Li ◽  
Christine M. Hamel
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Assistive Technology ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Instructional Support ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Students With Learning Disabilities ◽  
Writing Difficulties ◽  
Students With Ld

This article provides a synthesis of the literature published from 1990 to 2000 on college students with learning disabilities and writing difficulties (LD/WD). Thirty-eight articles met the criteria for describing writing difficulties in this cohort of students. Upon reviewing the articles, four major topics emerged: (a) assistive technology for college students with LD/WD; (b) effectiveness of assistive technology for college students with LD/WD; (c) characteristics and error patterns in the writings of college students with LD/WD; and (d) instructional support and methods. The review of the literature shows that there is an urgent need for empirical studies, especially on instructional methods and strategies. Recommendations for future research are presented.

Supporting the Writing Process with Technology for Students with Disabilities

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-85
Author(s):  
Anya S. Evmenova ◽  
Kelley Regan
Keyword(s):  
Students With Disabilities ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Universal Design For Learning ◽  
Writing Process ◽  
Student Writing ◽  
Students With Learning Disabilities ◽  
Process Technology ◽  
Self Regulated Learning ◽  
Design For Learning ◽  
Students With Ld

Many students with learning disabilities (LD) and emotional/behavioral disorders (EBD) struggle with the writing process. Technology has shown to be effective in supporting prewriting, drafting, revising, proofreading, and publishing of written products. This article explains the use of one technology-based graphic organizer with embedded self-regulated learning strategies as well as universal design for learning (UDL) features that can be used to enhance the writing process for students with LD and EBD. Such technology categories as technology-based graphic organizers, word prediction, speech recognition, talking word processors, as well as multimedia and digital storytelling programs are discussed. All these technologies can improve the quantity and/or quality of student writing.

scholarly journals Triangulation of the neurocomputational architecture underpinning reading aloud

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (28) ◽  
pp. E3719-E3728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Hoffman ◽  
Matthew A. Lambon Ralph ◽  
Anna M. Woollams
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Reading Aloud ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Semantic Knowledge ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Causal Modeling ◽  
Neural Pathways

The goal of cognitive neuroscience is to integrate cognitive models with knowledge about underlying neural machinery. This significant challenge was explored in relation to word reading, where sophisticated computational-cognitive models exist but have made limited contact with neural data. Using distortion-corrected functional MRI and dynamic causal modeling, we investigated the interactions between brain regions dedicated to orthographic, semantic, and phonological processing while participants read words aloud. We found that the lateral anterior temporal lobe exhibited increased activation when participants read words with irregular spellings. This area is implicated in semantic processing but has not previously been considered part of the reading network. We also found meaningful individual differences in the activation of this region: Activity was predicted by an independent measure of the degree to which participants use semantic knowledge to read. These characteristics are predicted by the connectionist Triangle Model of reading and indicate a key role for semantic knowledge in reading aloud. Premotor regions associated with phonological processing displayed the reverse characteristics. Changes in the functional connectivity of the reading network during irregular word reading also were consistent with semantic recruitment. These data support the view that reading aloud is underpinned by the joint operation of two neural pathways. They reveal that (i) the ATL is an important element of the ventral semantic pathway and (ii) the division of labor between the two routes varies according to both the properties of the words being read and individual differences in the degree to which participants rely on each route.

Self-Regulated Strategy Development and the Writing Process: Effects on Essay Writing and Attributions

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Sexton ◽  
Karen R. Harris ◽  
Steve Graham
Keyword(s):  
Writing Process ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Process Writing ◽  
Strategy Development ◽  
Students With Learning Disabilities ◽  
Essay Writing ◽  
Students With Ld ◽  
Process Effects ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
Positive Effect

The Self-Regulated Strategy Development (SRSD) model was used to assist six students with learning disabilities (LD) develop a strategy for planning and writing essays, self-regulation of the strategy and the writing process, and positive attributions regarding effort and strategy use. These students received all services in a team-based inclusion setting; the process writing model was used in the team. Instructional effects were investigated using a multiple-baseline across-subjects design. Instruction had a positive effect on students' approach to writing, writing performance, and attributions for writing. Effects transferred across settings and teachers; maintenance data was mixed. Collaborative practice of the composition and self-regulation strategies appears critical for students with LD based on the results of this and other studies.

scholarly journals The Effects of Self-regulated Learning Strategies on Computer Programming Achievement in Teacher Education

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. p37
Author(s):  
Gary Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Computer Programming ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Strategy Training ◽  
Self Regulated Learning ◽  
Java Programming ◽  
Regulated Learning

This study investigates the effects of student use of self-regulated learning (SRL) strategies on their computer programming achievement. Ninety-six students from undergraduate teacher training programmes offered by a Hong Kong university voluntarily participated in the study. Sixty-six of them were first-year students enrolling on an introductory Java programming course, while 30 were second-year students enrolling on an advanced Java programming course. The SRL strategies adopted by participants were measured by the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) and were exemplified from the reflective writing of their electronic portfolios. Their achievement in computer programming was evaluated using continuous and end of course assessments. The findings of this study suggest that higher-order cognitive strategies (i.e. elaboration, organization, critical thinking), metacognitive control strategies (i.e. self-regulation) and resource management strategies (i.e. time and study environment management, help seeking) are likely to facilitate a prolonged achievement of computer programming for both novices and non-novices. They can provide insights into designing adequate SRL strategy training to support student learning in computer programming.

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