Research Contributions of BCG Vaccination Programs: II. Tuberculin Sensitivity at Different Altitudes of Residence

1951 ◽  
Vol 66 (44) ◽  
pp. 1427 ◽  
Author(s):  
LeRoy E. Bates ◽  
Thøger Busk ◽  
Carroll E. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Tuberculin Sensitivity ◽  
Different Altitudes

Scar Formation and Tuberculin Conversion Following BCG

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 3056-3057
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sarfraz ◽  
Zahid Jamil ◽  
Muhammad Naim Ashraf ◽  
Saima Arshad ◽  
Zirwa Sarfraz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Testing ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Scar Formation ◽  
Bcg Vaccine ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Positive Skin ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Bcg Vaccination

Objective: To determine frequency of scar formation and positive tuberculin conversion test following BCG vaccine administered within 0-28 days of life in children in 6 months to 6 years of age presenting at outpatient department of Fauji Foundation Hospital Lahore. Study Design: Descriptive case series. Place and Duration of Study: Outdoor Department of Pediatrics, Fauji Foundation Hospital, Lahore from 1st July 2020 to 30th December 2020. Methodology: Ninety seven children were included. Base line demographic information of patients (age, gender, weight on weight machine) was recorded. 0.5 ml BCG was administered in right arm. Tuberculin skin test was assessed as per operational definition. After 48 to 72 hours, scar formation was assessed after 1 month. Data regarding scar formation and positive tuberculin conversion test was recorded. Results: The mean age was 3.20±1.46 years, 39 (40.21%) were male whereas 58 (59.79%) were females. The scar formation following BCG vaccine administered within 0-28 days of life in children in 6 months to 6 years of age was 59 (60.82%) and positive tuberculin conversion test following BCG vaccine administered within 0-28 days of life in children in 6 months to 6 years was recorded in 47 (48.45%). Conclusion: Most babies have developed a post-vaccination scar. The combination of the BCG scar and the positive skin testing tuberculin was very important. The development of BCG scars had no effect on age or sex. Greater trials are advised in order to detect the true extent of the problem and to evaluate regularly the BCG vaccination programs. Keywords: Infants, Tuberculosis, BCG vaccination, Scar formation, Positive tuberculin conversion test

scholarly journals Large-Scale Structure-Based Screening of Potential T Cell Cross-Reactivities Involving Peptide-Targets From BCG Vaccine and SARS-CoV-2

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Fioravanti Tarabini ◽  
Mauricio Menegatti Rigo ◽  
André Faustino Fonseca ◽  
Felipe Rubin ◽  
Rafael Bellé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Human Leukocyte ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Leukocyte Antigens ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
First Time

Although not being the first viral pandemic to affect humankind, we are now for the first time faced with a pandemic caused by a coronavirus. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused more than 4.5 million deaths worldwide. Despite unprecedented efforts, with vaccines being developed in a record time, SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread worldwide with new variants arising in different countries. Such persistent spread is in part enabled by public resistance to vaccination in some countries, and limited access to vaccines in other countries. The limited vaccination coverage, the continued risk for resistant variants, and the existence of natural reservoirs for coronaviruses, highlight the importance of developing additional therapeutic strategies against SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses. At the beginning of the pandemic it was suggested that countries with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination programs could be associated with a reduced number and/or severity of COVID-19 cases. Preliminary studies have provided evidence for this relationship and further investigation is being conducted in ongoing clinical trials. The protection against SARS-CoV-2 induced by BCG vaccination may be mediated by cross-reactive T cell lymphocytes, which recognize peptides displayed by class I Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA-I) on the surface of infected cells. In order to identify potential targets of T cell cross-reactivity, we implemented an in silico strategy combining sequence-based and structure-based methods to screen over 13,5 million possible cross-reactive peptide pairs from BCG and SARS-CoV-2. Our study produced (i) a list of immunogenic BCG-derived peptides that may prime T cell cross-reactivity against SARS-CoV-2, (ii) a large dataset of modeled peptide-HLA structures for the screened targets, and (iii) new computational methods for structure-based screenings that can be used by others in future studies. Our study expands the list of BCG peptides potentially involved in T cell cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV-2-derived peptides, and identifies multiple high-density “neighborhoods” of cross-reactive peptides which could be driving heterologous immunity induced by BCG vaccination, therefore providing insights for future vaccine development efforts.

scholarly journals Tuberculosis versus COVID-19 Mortality: A New Evidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (T1) ◽  
pp. 179-183
Author(s):  
Hayder Al-Momen ◽  
Tareef Fadhil Raham ◽  
Aqil Mohammad Daher
Keyword(s):  
Immune Activation ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Duration Of Protection

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus current pandemic (COVID-19) is the striking subject worldwide hitting countries in an unexplained non-universal pattern. Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine was an adopted recent justification depending on its non-specific immune activation properties. Still the problem of post-vaccine short duration of protection needs to be solved. The same protective mechanism was identified in active or latent tuberculosis (TB). For each single patient of active TB, there are about nine cases of asymptomatic latent TB apparently normal individuals living within the community without restrictions carrying benefits of immune activation and involved in re-infection cycles in an excellent example of repeated immunity training sessions of the whole community. AIM: We aimed to asses the correlation between TB burden and COVID-19 mortality in all affected countries having different BCG vaccination policies. METHODS: Publicly available data were extracted for 191 countries including population size, TB estimations, national BCG vaccination policy, the World Health Organization regions and economic classification, and COVID-19 mortality and number of cases. The analysis was performed using Spearman’s correlation test. RESULTS: Significant large negative correlation (−0.539, p < 0.001) was found between TB prevalence and COVID-19 mortality rate worldwide. Medium negative significant correlations were found between TB cases and COVID-19 mortality in the high and lower middle-income countries, and those having current BCG vaccination programs (−0.395, p = 0.001, −0.365, p = 0.015, and −0.476, p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Countries with high TB prevalence have higher chances of protection against COVID-19 mortality through the theory of widely distributed natural immune activation within community. Confounders should be assessed separately.

scholarly journals Tuberculosis and its Control in Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 315
Author(s):  
A.S. Gunardi
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Tuberculin Test ◽  
Primary Vaccination ◽  
Case Finding ◽  
Vaccination Policy ◽  
Prevalence Survey ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Tuberculin Sensitivity ◽  
Tuberculosis Prevalence

Based on a tuberculosis prevalence survey with the assistance of WHO in 1962 - 1965 in the areas fogyakarta and Malang where were found a prevalence of tuberculin sensitivity of 40,6% at the age 10-14 years, a prevalence of bac- teriologically confirmed cases of 0.6% and those with pulmonary shadows 3.6%, a workshop in Ciloto was hold (January 1969), with the following results :a. BCG vaccination without prior tuberculin test to children of 0-14 years of age.b. Case finding and treatment to those with sputum ”afb” positive.c. Health education to the people.In Pelita I priority was given to BCG vaccination with a target of 55 million of which a 75% coverage will be expected particularly in Java and Bali.For Pelita II BCG vaccination policy will be changed. To achieve a more realistic target and to have the most susceptible (high risk) ages vaccinated, every child should have a recent BCG vaccination before entering puberty and to vaccinate children early in life, 0-1 year. Only primary vaccination will be done during Pelita II while revaccination will be performed in Pelita III. As performers will be the smallpox vaccinators in a simultaneous vaccination programme with other vaccines.Case finding and treatment, and Health education will be improved in Pelita II because the health infra structure (organization) and community participation was below expectation in Pelita I; it will be integrated into the existig health activities. Treatment will only be given to patients with bacteriologically confirmed sputum, and free of charge.

scholarly journals Impact of Duration of Cessation of Mass BCG Vaccination Programs on Covid -19 Mortality

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tareef Fadhil Raham
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
P Value ◽  
Confounding Factors ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Screening Behavior ◽  
Compound Model ◽  
Back Ground ◽  
Data Screening ◽  
Stem Leaf

Back ground: BCG have heterogeneous immunity to certain pathogens other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis effect. At early times during COVID-19 pandemic heterogeneous immunity towards (SARS-CoV-2), was hypothesized and statistical correlation between of BCG vaccination practices and COVID-19 mortality variances among countries was statistically proved . These studies was criticized because of low evidence of such studies and possible confounding factors. For that reason this study was designed to look for impact of duration of cessation of BCG programs on Covid-19 mortality looking for the hypotheses by different design and looking forward to support previous studies. Methods: Total number of studied group is 14 countries which has stopped BCG vaccination programs. Through applying stem-leaf plot for exploring data screening behavior concerning Covid-19 Mortality for obsolescence duration of cessation of mass BCG vaccination programs, as well as (nonlinear regression of compound model) for predicted shape behavior for that group. Results: Slope value shows highly significant effectiveness of obsolescence of cessation of mass BCG vaccination programs on Covid -19 mortality at P-value<0.000. Obsolescence of duration of cessation of mass BCG vaccination programs has strongly negatively associated with Covid-19 mortality in countries which stopped BCG vaccination programs. Conclusion: The longer the cessation duration of BCG programs, the higher the Covid-19 mortality is, and vice versa.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Death and BCG Vaccination Programs Worldwide

2021 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feras J. Jirjees ◽  
Yahya H. Dallal Bashi ◽  
Hala J. Al-Obaidi
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Bcg Vaccination
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