The Origin of Balloon Framing

1981 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Sprague
Keyword(s):  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
The West ◽  
Wooden Frame ◽  
Basic Ingredient ◽  
Early Issue ◽  
Chicago River ◽  
Frame Construction ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Village

Modern interest in the balloon frame dates from 1941 when Siegfried Giedion identified the inventor of this important technological innovation in wooden construction as George Snow of Chicago. According to Giedion, Snow used the technique for the first time in 1833 to build St. Mary's Church in Chicago. Walker Field, writing in an early issue of the SAH Journal corrected Giedion's assertion by proving that if St. Mary's Church possessed the first balloon frame, then its inventor had to be the builder of that church, a carpenter named Augustine Taylor. Here we are able to verify that indeed it was George Snow who originated balloon framing, but in 1832, not 1833, and in the erection of a building that was not a church, but a warehouse. Further investigations have revealed the probable location of Snow's warehouse on the bank of the Chicago River near its mouth, and have provided plausible explanations as to why Snow built in so revolutionary a way in so primitive a place as the village of Chicago-viz., the sudden and rapid growth of Chicago, the lack of large timbers and the services of skilled carpenters needed for ordinary frame construction, and the availability of scantling and nails. From this modest experiment in building evolved a system of wooden construction that not only made possible the rapid settlement of the treeless regions of the West, but which still serves in modified form as the basic ingredient of contemporary wooden frame construction.

scholarly journals EXCAVATIONS OF KASTYKI BARROW CEMETERY IN THE VILIYA UPPER REACHES IN 1973

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-132
Author(s):  
M. A. Plavinski ◽  
M. I. Stsiapanava
Keyword(s):  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Burial Mound ◽  
Neolithic Period ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
The West ◽  
Burial Rites ◽  
Burial Mounds ◽  
New Research ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Village

The complex of archaeological monuments near the village Kastyki of the Viliejka district of the Minsk region consists of an Old Rus’ barrow cemetery and an open settlement, which functioned from the late Neolithic period to the third quarter of the 1st millennium AD. The complex of archaeological sites under the question is located in the eastern part of the village Kastyki in the upper reaches of the Vilija, on its right bank, 2.5 km from the confluence of the Servač River into Vilija River. For the first time, studies at Kastyki were carried out by K. Tyszkiewicz in 1856, when he excavated here one partially destroyed mound, containing neither traces of burial nor burial goods. In 1973, J. Zviaruha conducted a study of the barrow cemetery in Kastyki and excavated here 7 burial mounds. This article is devoted to the publication of materials from the Kastyki barrow cemetery, which took place in 1973 under the direction of J. Zviaruha. The focus is on rethinking the results of the 1973 excavations in the light of new research conducted in 2016 and 2018. The analysis of materials from the excavation of the burial mound, carried out in 1973, suggests that the necropolis functioned during the middle of the 11th—12th centuries. It belonged to a group of residents of the Polatsk land, who made burials according to the rites of inhumation on the basis of burial mounds, with their heads directed to the west. This, in turn, suggests that the members of the Old Rus’ community, which left the necropolis in Kastyki, had a certain understanding of the Christian burial rites.

scholarly journals Identification of application of biological architecture in the South Nias’s traditional House in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 878 (1) ◽  
pp. 012012
Author(s):  
F Siahaan
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
The West ◽  
Conceptual Integration ◽  
Wooden Frame ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Basic Human Needs ◽  
Frame Construction ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Nias Selatan is located in the west of the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, has a unique traditional house in the form of a stilt house with a sloping roof, and a wooden frame construction where all the building materials are made of biological materials, obtained from the natural surroundings. Buildings are strongly influenced by the environment and its inhabitants, which are in harmony with the principles of biological architecture. This study aims to identify the application of biological architecture in South Nias traditional houses. The research method used is qualitative content analysis, namely research methods with in-depth conceptual integration. The environment (climate, location, vegetation, land and water) and people / inhabitants (basic human needs, culture, beliefs / religions, and livelihoods) are important indicators as well as factors causing the birth of the traditional house of South Nias. These factors will be analyzed to determine the impact (architectural design, materials, construction) on the building. From the research results, it can be concluded that the traditional houses of South Nias apply biological architecture that reflects the genius locus of their ancestors.

scholarly journals Typology of House in Earthquake Disaster Area: A Case Study of Bobanehena Village, West Halmahera

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
Firdawaty Marasabessy ◽  
Asri A. Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Area ◽  
Random Pattern ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Wooden Frame ◽  
Earthquake Load ◽  
Longitudinal Pattern ◽  
Frame Construction ◽  
Modern House ◽  
The Village

Bobanehena village is geographically located in the coastal area of subduction route, causing the village to be vulnerable to frequent earthquakes. The 5 SR earthquake struck the village in 2015 caused heavy damages to people's houses. The houses that are susceptible to damage by earthquakes, resulting in many casualties. This research aim is to identify the types of house in Bobanehena village, West Halmahera Regency. Typological data of houses can be used as database for vulnerability assessment in Bobanehena village. The method used was field study, structured interviews, and documentation using field observation to determine the physical condition of houses which are responsive to earthquakes. The results of the research indicate that the residence in Bobanehena village, West Halmahera Regency is in the form of the spatial distribution of earthquakes-prone housing, which forms a longitudinal pattern and expanded to the coastal area. The characteristic of settlement distribution is unorganized and clustered, so it appears to be in a random pattern. The typology of earthquake-prone residences in Bobanehena village can be classified into three types, namely Stengah Leger house, Fala Kanci traditional house, and modern house. In addition, from those three types, Stengah Leger and Fala Kanci are responsive to the earthquake load, for it uses wooden frame construction.

scholarly journals L’icona miracolosa del principe Ašot II Bagratuni

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Ruffilli
Keyword(s):  
Historical Sources ◽  
The West ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Village ◽  
Byzantine Icon ◽  
The Church

The Armenian prince Ašot II Bagratuni (685/686-688/689 d.C.) placed in the church he himself founded in the village of Daroynkʽ a Byzantine icon mentioned in the Armenian historical sources as an image of the «Incarnation of Christ», coming from «the West». The years of the principate of Ašot partly coincide with those of the first of the two reigns of Justinian II, the emperor who for the first time issued monetary coins with the image of Christ impressed, and presided in 692 d.C. the Quinisext Council ‘in Trullo’, whose canon no. LXXXII dealt with the representation of the Saviour’s body. The case of Ašot is an example of the worship of icons in the late 7th century Armenia, and contributes to witnes both the circulation of this kind of artifacts in the armenian territories, and the the impact of the contemporary reflections about the Incarnation of Christ and the sacred images; in agreement, moreover, with the condemnation of the iconoclastic theses expressed in the Armenian treatise attributed to Vrtʽanēs Kʽertʽoł.

scholarly journals Il castello dei conti di Biandrate: indagini sulle strutture superstiti

X ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bianca Guiso ◽  
Maria Vittoria Tappari
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Po Plain ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Village ◽  
Santa Maria ◽  
The Church

Castello dei Conti di Biandrate: surveys on the surviving structureBiandrate is a northern Italian village in the province of Novara that lies in the Po plain between the Sesia and Ticino rivers. Border area disputed between Vercelli and Novara, since the early Middle Ages it represented an important crossing point because there were the fords of the Sesia river nearby, on the road axis joining Novara and Ivrea. Its importance grew in the tenth century, when the Pieve was erected, today disappeared, dedicated to Santa Maria and, in 1029, the Counts of Pombia family settled in the Biandrate castrum. In 1168 the castrum was destroyed by the armies of Milan, allied with Novara and Vercelli, that in 1194 carved up the territory. In the second half of the thirteenth century the village of Biandrate was divided into the Borgo Vecchio, vercellese, to the west, and the Borgo Nuovo, novarese, to the east. They developed around the canonica of S. Colombano, the hospital and the ruins of the Count’s castrum. The castrum, almost totally destroyed, continued to represent an area with particular rights: in fact the Statues established that the Podestà could pronounce sentences only “in castro veteri Blanderati”. Nowadays the collegiata of S. Colombano stands on the Biandrate castrum ruins; the collegiata was mentioned for the first time in 1146, but was altered various times over the centuries. In particular, portions of the ancient wall are visible in the lower part of the west wall of the church of Santa Caterina, incorporated within the complex of the collegiate of S. Colombano. It is noticed that the ancient castrum had very thick walls made primarily with river pebbles, roughly cut stones in a herringbone pattern and binding mortar.

The Long Bow Film Trilogy—A Review Article

1987 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 843-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivienne Shue
Keyword(s):  
Land Reform ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Religious Conflict ◽  
Chinese People ◽  
The West ◽  
Village People ◽  
And Gender ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Village

These three excellent documentaries have received both high honors from the film world and an appreciative welcome from Asia scholars eager to make use of them in the classroom. Students and non-China specialists seeing them for the first time generally praise them for “humanizing” life in rural China, for providing an “intimate” look at “real” Chinese people as they are but rarely glimpsed in the West. When students have first been primed with readings from William Hinton's two classic prose documentaries of life in Long Bow Village (Fanshen [1968] and Shenfan [1984]), the films may be especially rewarding. They put faces to a few familiar names and give us images—of donkeycarts rattling over the tired earth, of bundled babies in bare adobe courtyards—that validate the village Hinton's books have already brought to life in our minds. But for viewers who have not done any background reading on Long Bow's special history under Communist land-reform and collectivization policies or on the village's past complex patterns of religious conflict and gender politics, these films will stand on their own. They succeed well in their “intimate" and “humanizing” endeavor not because we already know something about Long Bow villagers and what they have been through but because the filmmakers have skillfully kept narration to a minimum, allowing village people themselves to do most of the communicating. In their words, their gestures, their laughter, and their eyes, we recognize again and again that familiar, perhaps uniquely human, emotion—ambivalence.

scholarly journals THE DWELLINGS OF THE OLD BERING SEA CULTURE AT THE PAIPELGHAK SETTLEMENT

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
К.А. Днепровский
Keyword(s):  
Bering Sea ◽  
Chukchi Sea ◽  
Single Line ◽  
Floor Level ◽  
Wooden Frame ◽  
Jaw Bones ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Village ◽  
Sea Coast

Хорошо сохранившиеся в вечной мерзлоте три жилища древнеберингоморской (ДБК) культуры на древнеэскимосском поселении Пайпельгак (побережье Чукотского моря) исследованы впервые. Они расположены на одном стратиграфическом уровне, который перекрыт жилой двухкамерной постройкой бирниркского времени. Небольшие наземные сооружения прямоугольной в плане формы с вымосткой пола из камня и дерева сходны между собой по конструкции. Стены укреплены вертикальными опорами из плавникового дерева и челюстных костей кита. Жилища имели коридорные выходы, направленные в сторону моря. Легкая кровля жилищ делалась из шкур животных на шатровом деревянном каркасе. На уровне пола помещений обнаружен обильный материал, имеющий четкие датирующие признаки. Это наконечники и детали гарпунного комплекса и другие предметы с орнаментом ДБК-II. У оседлых эскимосов на Чукотке прослеживается единая линия развития сооружений с первой половины первого тысячелетия нашей эры (ДБК, бирнирк) вплоть до первой половины XX в., когда был закрыт поселок Наукан с традиционными жилищами. Three dwellings of the Old Bering Sea culture, well-preserved in the permafrost at the ancient Eskimo settlement of Paipelghak (Chukchi Sea coast), were investigated for the first time. They are situated at the same stratigraphic level which is superimposed by two-chamber house of the Birnirk period. Small structures built on the surface, rectangular in shape with a floor made of stone and wood are similar in design. The walls are reinforced with vertical posts made of fin wood and jaw bones of whales. Dwellings had corridor exits faced toward the sea. Light roofs made from animal skins were fixed on a wooden frame. At the floor level of the dwellings abundant materials were found with clear dating characteristics. These are different tips of the harpoon heads, details of harpoon set and other items with the decor of the Old Bering Sea culture II. The sedentary Eskimos of Chukotka have a single line of development of dwellings from the first half of the first millennium AD (the Old Bering Sea culture, the Birnirk period) until the first half of the XX century, when the village of Naukan with traditional dwellings was closed.

New records of aphyllophoroid fungi (Basidiomycota) for the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area — Yugra (West Siberia)

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-396
Author(s):  
I. V. Stavishenko
Keyword(s):  
Animal Ecology ◽  
New Records ◽  
West Siberia ◽  
The West ◽  
First Time ◽  
Khanty Mansi Autonomous ◽  
Aphyllophoroid Fungi

The paper provides data on records of 29 species of aphyllophoroid fungi new for the the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area — Yugra. Among them 10 species (Amaurodon cyaneus, Amyloxenasma allantosporum, Asterostroma laxum, Byssoporia terrestris, Paullicorticium pearsonii, Pseudomerulius montanus, Sistotrema sernanderi, Skeletocutis alutacea, S. ochroalba, Tubulicrinis orientalis) are published for the first time for Siberia, and 3 species (Scytinostroma praestans, Tomentellopsis zygodesmoides, Tubulicrinis strangulatus) are new for the West Siberia. Data on their locations, habitats and substrates in region are indicated. The specimens are kept in the Museum of the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology of the Ural Branch of the RAS (SVER).

Europe's Growth Champion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Piatkowski
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
High Income ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
The West ◽  
Success Stories ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Inclusive Society ◽  
First Time ◽  
Global Growth

The book is about one of the biggest economic success stories that one has hardly ever heard about. It is about a perennially backward, poor, and peripheral country, which over the last twenty-five years has unexpectedly become Europe’s and a global growth champion and joined the ranks of high-income countries during the life of just one generation. It is about the lessons learned from its remarkable experience for other countries in the world, the conditions that keep countries poor, and challenges that countries need face to grow and become high-income. It is also about a new growth model that this country—Poland—and its peers in Central and Eastern Europe and elsewhere need to adopt to continue to grow and catch up with the West for the first time ever. The book emphasizes the importance of the fundamental sources of growth—institutions, culture, ideas, and leaders—in economic development. It argues that a shift from an extractive society, where the few rule for the benefit of the few, to an inclusive society, where many rule for the benefit of many, was the key to Poland’s success. It asserts that a newly emerged inclusive society will support further convergence of Poland and Central and Eastern Europe with the West and help sustain the region’s Golden Age, but moving to the core of the European economy will require further reforms and changes in Poland’s developmental DNA.

Kidnapped

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Louis Stevenson ◽  
Ian Duncan
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Historical Novel ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The West ◽  
Scottish Highlands ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
First Time ◽  
Adventure Stories

Your bed shall be the moorcock’s, and your life shall be like the hunted deer’s, and ye shall sleep with your hand upon your weapons.’ Tricked out of his inheritance, shanghaied, shipwrecked off the west coast of Scotland, David Balfour finds himself fleeing for his life in the dangerous company of Jacobite outlaw and suspected assassin Alan Breck Stewart. Their unlikely friendship is put to the test as they dodge government troops across the Scottish Highlands. Set in the aftermath of the 1745 rebellion, Kidnapped transforms the Romantic historical novel into the modern thriller. Its heart-stopping scenes of cross-country pursuit, distilled to a pure intensity in Stevenson’s prose, have become a staple of adventure stories from John Buchan to Alfred Hitchcock and Ian Fleming. Kidnapped remains as exhilarating today as when it was first published in 1886. This new edition is based on the 1895 text, incorporating Stevenson’s last thoughts about the novel before his death. It includes Stevenson’s ‘Note to Kidnapped’, reprinted for the first time since 1922.

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