Did the 2003 Tax Act Increase Capital Investments by Corporations?

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Campbell ◽  
James A. Chyz ◽  
Dan S. Dhaliwal ◽  
William C. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Capital Investment ◽  
Capital Gains ◽  
Capital Expenditures ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Relief ◽  
Internal Funds ◽  
Fund Investment

ABSTRACTOn May 28, 2003, the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 (2003 Tax Act) reduced shareholder-level taxes on dividends and capital gains. One of the goals of the 2003 Tax Act was to encourage capital investment by corporations. We investigate whether firms increased investment in response to the Act. We first document that capital expenditures increase after the 2003 Tax Act. We then use a difference-in-differences research design to show that this increase in capital expenditures varies predictably with two shareholder-level tax-motivated hypotheses. First, we find that the increase in investment is smaller for firms largely held by investors that are less sensitive to shareholder-level taxes. Second, we find that the increase in investment is larger for firms most likely to fund investment from new equity issuances rather than internal funds. Additional analysis suggests that while the majority of firms increase investment after the tax cut, a small subset of larger, older, and cash-rich firms increased dividend payout instead. Overall, our results suggest that, consistent with the intent of policymakers, the shareholder-level tax rate reductions set forth in the 2003 Tax Act increased corporate investment.JEL Classifications: G12, G31, G32, G24

Influence of administrative and financial decentralization on investment processes in the Central region of Ukraine

2019 ◽  
pp. 134-144
Author(s):  
Iryna Leshchukh
Keyword(s):  
Central Region ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Capital Expenditures ◽  
Foreign Direct Investments ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Health Care Education ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Operational Information

The article examines the tendencies of the investment sector of the Central region of Ukraine, which are formed under the influence of implementation of administrative and financial decentralization in Ukraine. The method of estimation of influence of administrative-financial decentralization on investment processes in the region is proposed on the basis of calculation of indicators of the ratio: a) growth rates of capital investments and foreign direct investments against own incomes; b) the rate of growth of expenditures on socio-economic development (in particular, public administration, health care, education, housing and communal services, repair and maintenance of roads, etc.) against own revenues of local budgets. The author’s method is tested on the example of cities of regional importance and districts of the Central region of Ukraine. It was found that: 1) in 2016-2018 the most effective was the policy of capital investment in Cherkasy region, the least effective – in the Kirovograd region; 2) the increase of the financial potential of the cities of regional importance and districts of the studied region did not cause a significant stimulating influence on attracting foreign investments; 3) the reorientation of local authorities’ own resources on capital expenditures on the development of social, transport and communal infrastructure is extremely slow. Systemic and dialectical methods were used in the study; logical generalization, system analysis, comparison and synthesis; strategic analysis, graphic. The works of leading scientists and specialists on a wide range of socio-economic problems, the operational information of the Main Directorates of Statistics in Vinnitsa, Kirovograd, Cherkasy and Poltava regions of Ukraine as well as information on the implementation of relevant local budgets of the Departments of Finance of Vinnitsa, Kirovograd and Cherkasy regional state administrations constitute the information base of the research.

scholarly journals Distortionary Impacts of the 1982 and 1986 U.S. Tax Codes on Capital Investments: A Case Study of Investment in Orange Groves

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-115
Author(s):  
Charles B. Moss ◽  
Ronald P. Muraro ◽  
William G. Boggess
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Investment Decisions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Fiscal Responsibility ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Simplification

AbstractThe 1980s have been a period of dramatic change for the income tax code in the United States. Although numerous modifications were considered in policy deliberations, two key goals, the reduction of the importance of tax considerations in investment decisions and tax simplification, emerged from the discussion and guided drafting of the 1986 Tax Reform Act. This study examines the importance of tax considerations in investment decisions under the provisions of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 and its predecessor, the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982. The study then compares the tax liability under these tax codes with a nondistortionary tax scheme. Results indicate that the Tax Reform Act of 1986 reduced the distortionary effects of the tax code on capital investment decisions. However, a large portion of the reduction can be attributed to the change in the average tax rate.

The Effect of the Expected Holding Period on the Market Reaction to a Decline in the Capital Gains Tax Rate

2002 ◽  
Vol 24 (s-1) ◽  
pp. 49-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia-Wen Liang ◽  
Steven R. Matsunaga ◽  
Dale C. Morse
Keyword(s):  
Market Reaction ◽  
Capital Gains ◽  
Significant Variable ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Capital Gains Tax ◽  
Rate Reduction ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Holding Period ◽  
Tax Relief ◽  
The Impact

We use the market reaction to capital gains tax rate reduction in the 1997 Tax Relief Act to investigate the market reaction to a change in investor-level tax rates. We find that the positive market reaction was lower for dividend-paying securities and securities with longer expected holding periods. Our results also support the hypothesis that a longer expected holding period reduces the impact of the dividend-paying status. These results are consistent with the tax capitalization model and suggest that the expected holding period is a significant variable in explaining the market reaction to a change in capital gains tax rates.

Solar Renewable Energy Credit Price Volatility and Investment Returns: Have Policies Stranded Capital Investment?

Commonwealth ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Somayeh Youssefi ◽  
Patrick L. Gurian
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Price Volatility ◽  
The United States ◽  
Investment Model ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Investment Returns

Pennsylvania is one of a number of U.S. states that provide incentives for the generation of electricity by solar energy through Solar Renewal Energy Credits (SRECs). This article develops a return on investment model for solar energy generation in the PJM (mid-­Atlantic) region of the United States. Model results indicate that SREC values of roughly $150 are needed for residential scale systems to break even over a 25-­year project period at 3% interest. Market prices for SRECs in Pennsylvania have been well below this range from late 2011 through the first half of 2016, indicating that previous capital investments in solar generation have been stranded as a result of steep declines in the value of SRECs. A simple conceptual supply and demand model is developed to explain the sharp decline in market prices for SRECs. Also discussed is a possible policy remedy that would add unsold SRECs in a given year to the SREC quota for the subsequent year.

The value relevance of capital expenditures and the business cycle

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 386-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sungsoo Kim ◽  
Brandon byunghwan Lee
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycles ◽  
Stock Returns ◽  
Value Relevance ◽  
Financial Data ◽  
Capital Expenditures ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Business Conditions

Purpose This paper aims to clarify the relationship between corporate capital investments and business cycles. Specifically, a major purpose of this paper is to investigate whether there are inherent differences in corporate investment patterns and whether the stock market exhibits different reactions to the value relevance of capital expenditures across different business conditions. Design/methodology/approach The authors use pooled ordinary least square regressions with archival stock price data and financial data from CRSP and Compustat. The authors regress buy and hold returns on the main test variables and control variables that are identified to be related to the investment literature. Findings This paper provides empirical evidence that US firms’ capital expenditures are more value relevant to capital market participants during expansionary business cycles and, conversely, less value relevant during contractionary business cycles. This evidence validates previous literature that has found the information content of capital expenditures to be uncertain and cyclical in nature. Research limitations/implications The main limitation of this paper, as with other work dealing with stock returns and archived financial data, is that the authors try to match stock returns with contemporaneous financial data in an association study context. The precise mapping in this methodology is always challenging and has been questioned in the literature. Practical implications This paper has various implications for capital market participants. Capital expenditures are good news for investors, but they will make a better investment when firms make capital investments during an expansionary period. Creditors deciding whether to extend credit to firms would benefit from more accurate information on the viability of long-term investment. The results also suggest to creditors that an excessive number of loans during the contractionary period may be suboptimal because firms’ returns on capital investment are smaller in that period than in the expansionary period. Social implications Given the valuation of implications of long-term capital investments across different business conditions, this paper sheds light on asset allocations for mutual funds, institutional investors who are entrusted with investors’ investments including retirement funds. Originality/value This paper fulfils an identified need to study how capital investments are valued differently across different business conditions.

Tax Optimization of Municipal Bond Portfolios: Investment Selection and Tax Rate Arbitrage

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Capital Gains ◽  
Municipal Bond ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Arbitrage Opportunities ◽  
Bond Portfolio ◽  
Tax Management ◽  
Selling Strategies ◽  
Tax Loss

This article considers how to improve the after-tax performance of a municipal bond portfolio by using tax-beneficial selling strategies. These strategies include tax loss harvesting (selling a bond at a price below the investor’s tax basis), applicable when interest rates increase, and tax rate arbitrage (paying tax earlier at a relatively low long-term capital gains rate, rather than at maturity at a much higher rate), applicable when rates decline. A tax-beneficial selling opportunity is a free investor-specific option, acquired automatically at the time of purchase. The combination of tax loss harvesting and rate arbitrage opportunities provides a straddle. The embedded tax option in a portfolio can be valued using option-adjusted spread–based bond analytics. Astute investors should maximize the value of the tax option in their portfolios, subject to the usual portfolio profile constraints. The author shows that bonds purchased near par are poorly suited for tax management and that dynamic tax management can improve the expected annual after-tax return by 20 to 30 bps.

scholarly journals A Matter of Equity- The Taxation of Private Equity General Partners “Carried Interest”

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. p1
Author(s):  
Corinne L. Crawford ◽  
Constance J. Crawford ◽  
Glenn C. Vallach
Keyword(s):  
Private Equity ◽  
Capital Gains ◽  
Financial Industry ◽  
Tax Rate

The carried interest tax loophole has helped private equity to become one of the most lucrative sectors of the financial Industry. As private equity general partners are taxed at long term capital gains rates on partnership profits allocated to a carried interest, while the same amount of compensation structured as salary would be taxed at ordinary income rates. Thus, General Partners pay a top tax rate of 20% on their carried interest instead of the 37% they would pay if the compensation were structured as salary, which many economists and tax experts believe it actually is.

The Economic Impact of Corporate Capital Expenditures: Focused Firms versus Diversified Firms

2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng-Syan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Capital Markets ◽  
Operating Performance ◽  
Capital Expenditures ◽  
Internal Capital Markets ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Corporate Capital ◽  
Investment Opportunities ◽  
Diversified Firms

AbstractThis paper examines the role of focus versus diversification in explaining the economic impact of corporate capital investments. I find that the stock market's responses to announcements of capital investments are more favorable for focused firms than for diversified firms. I also show that focused firms exhibit significantly better post-investment operating performance than diversified firms. The overall findings in this study suggest that the investment opportunities hypothesis dominates the internal capital markets hypothesis in terms of the net economic impact of capital investments on the investing firms.

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