Body Composition and Circulating High-Molecular-Weight Adiponectin and IGF-I in Infants Born Small for Gestational Age: Breast- Versus Formula-Feeding

Abstract Context and Objective: A low birth weight (LBW) tends to be followed by overweight due to an excess of fat, including visceral fat. LBW girls with precocious pubarche (PP) (pubic hair < 8 yr) are at high risk for developing an adipose state of hyperinsulinemic androgen excess that leads toward early menarche. We explored the effects of insulin sensitization with metformin in LBW-PP girls. Setting, Design, Patients, Intervention: Prepubertal LBW girls with PP (mean body weight 2.4 kg; age 7.9 yr; body mass index 18.4 kg/m2) were studied. Girls were randomly assigned to remain untreated (n=19) or receive metformin for 4 yr (n = 19; 425 mg/d for 2 yr, then 850 mg/d for 2 yr). Main Outcomes: At the start and after 4 yr, height, weight, fasting insulin, glucose, IGF-I, testosterone, lipids, leptin, high molecular weight adiponectin, body composition by absorptiometry, abdominal fat partitioning (only 4 yr) by magnetic resonance imaging, and menarcheal status were determined. Results: Metformin-treated girls gained on average 5.5 kg (or ∼50%) less fat, after 4 yr were less insulin resistant and less hyperandrogenic, had lower IGF-I levels and a less atherogenic lipid profile, and were less likely to be post-menarcheal than untreated girls, whereas their gain in height, lean mass, and bone mineral density were similar. After 4 yr, untreated girls had more visceral fat, a higher ratio of visceral-to-sc fat, and a higher leptin-to-high molecular weight adiponectin ratio (all ∼50% higher) than metformin-treated girls. Conclusion: Long-term metformin treatment appears to reduce total and visceral fat in LBW-PP girls, and to delay menarche without attenuating linear growth, thereby opening the perspective that adult height may be increased.

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High-Molecular-Weight Adiponectin in Children Born Small- or Appropriate-for-Gestational-Age

The Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.03.030 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 155 (5) ◽

pp. 740-742 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Lourdes Ibáñez ◽

Abel Lopez-Bermejo ◽

Marta Diaz ◽

Mario Angulo ◽

Giorgia Sebastiani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

High Molecular Weight ◽

Gestational Age ◽

High Molecular Weight Adiponectin ◽

Appropriate For Gestational Age

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Associations between Maternal and Fetal Levels of Total Adiponectin, High Molecular Weight Adiponectin, Selected Somatomedins, and Birth Weight of Infants of Smoking and Non-Smoking Mothers

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17134781 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (13) ◽

pp. 4781 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Magdalena Chełchowska ◽

Joanna Gajewska ◽

Tomasz M. Maciejewski ◽

Joanna Mazur ◽

Mariusz Ołtarzewski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Growth Factor ◽

Cord Blood ◽

High Molecular Weight ◽

Umbilical Cord Blood ◽

High Molecular Weight Adiponectin ◽

Hmw Adiponectin ◽

Total Adiponectin ◽

Igf I

The aim of the study was to determine the relationships between maternal smoking, total adiponectin, high molecular weight adiponectin (HMW adiponectin), selected somatomedins, and the birth weight of newborns. A total of 78 women with a healthy, singleton pregnancy, 41 active smokers and 37 non-smokers, and their offspring were studied. Total and HMW adiponectin, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) and 2 (IGFBP-2) were determined in maternal and cord blood by enzyme-link immunosorbent assay. Serum levels of total and HMW adiponectin were lower in smokers compared to the tobacco abstinent in both the mothers (p = 0.013; p = 0.006) and the infants (p = 0.001; p = 0.047). In smoking women and their children, serum concentrations of IGF-I were significantly lower (p = 0.014; p = 0.042), IGFBP-1 significantly higher (p = 0.009; p = 0.039), and IGFBP-2 did not differ from that observed in the non-smoking group. In multivariate analysis performed on the whole group of mothers, the highest impact of serum cotinine and IGFBP-2 levels were indicated for adiponectin and cotinine and the number of cigarettes/day for HMW adiponectin concentration. In correlation analysis estimated separately for smokers and non-smokers, neonatal birth weight was positively associated with total and HMW adiponectin concentrations in umbilical cord blood. Birth weight was also inversely associated with IGFBP-1 and positively correlated with IGF-I levels in maternal serum as well as in cord blood (r = −0.317, p = 0.005; r = −0.294, p = 0.004; r = 0.245, p = 0.031; r = 0.271, p = 0.009, respectively). The present study showed the levels of total and HMW adiponectin in umbilical cord blood may have a significant effect on fetal development. Both IGF-I and IGFBP-1 concentrations also play an essential role in fetal growth, which is an important predictor of birth weight. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy negatively affected adiponectin and the insulin growth factor profile in the serum of women and the cord blood and may be the reason for the lower birth weight of the smokers newborns compared with the nonsmokers offspring.

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Acute and Short-term Chronic Testosterone Fluctuation Effects on Glucose Homeostasis, Insulin Sensitivity, and Adiponectin: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2013-2807 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 99 (6) ◽

pp. E1088-E1096 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Christian Høst ◽

Lars C. Gormsen ◽

David M. Hougaard ◽

Jens S. Christiansen ◽

Steen B. Pedersen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Glucose Metabolism ◽

Crossover Study ◽

High Molecular Weight ◽

Glucose Disposal ◽

Short Term ◽

High Molecular Weight Adiponectin ◽

Double Blind ◽

Double Blind Placebo ◽

Total Glucose

Context: Low levels of adiponectin and T in men have been shown to predict development of the metabolic syndrome, but the effects of T on glucose metabolism are incompletely understood and may be influenced either directly or indirectly through changes in body composition or in levels of adiponectin. Objective: The aim of the study was to test whether T exerts its effects on glucose metabolism directly or indirectly. Design, Setting, and Participants: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, 12 healthy young males were studied on four separate occasions. They received GnRH agonist treatment 1 month before 3 of 4 trial days to induce castrate levels of T. On trial days, T gel containing either high or low physiological T dose or placebo was applied to the body. On a fourth trial day, participants constituted their own eugonadal controls. Intervention: Each study comprised a 5-hour basal period and a 3-hour hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. Main Outcome Measures: We measured the effect of acute T on peripheral glucose disposal, total adiponectin and subforms, and other indices of glucose metabolism. Results: Short-term hypogonadism was associated with increased high molecular weight adiponectin levels (P < .03) and increased oxidative glucose disposal (P = .03) but not total glucose disposal (P = .07). Acute T treatment was an independent suppressor of high molecular weight adiponectin levels (P = .04) but did not affect total glucose disposal (P = .17). Conclusions: These data show that T can act through putative fast nongenomic pathways to affect adiponectin levels in humans. The early hypogonadal state is characterized by a marked shift in fuel oxidation from lipids toward glucose, which may rely partly on buffering capabilities of adiponectin.

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