Analysis of The Relationship of Information Media and Knowledge With Formula Feeding In Babies Aged 6-24 Months

Mothers certainly know that the main intake for babies is breast milk. However, in some cases, babies are forced to be fed infant formula to replace breast milk if according to medical indications and on the advice of medical personnel. Always consult a medical professional for the use of infant formula. Although the content is different from breast milk, now infant formula has been formulated with various kinds of nutrients that are good for baby's growth and development. For this reason, so that babies get adequate nutrition for their growth and development, the dose of baby's milk must be adjusted to their age and weight. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with formula feeding in infants aged 0-6 months. The research method used in this study is a cross sectional survey method. The population in this study were all mothers who had babies 0-6 months totaling 34 people. Samples were taken by total sampling, that is, the entire population was sampled. The results of this study prove that there is a relationship between information media, education, work and knowledge with the provision of formula milk to infants aged 0-6 months at the Rengas Health Center in 2019.

Associations between Feeding Patterns and Infant Health in China: A Propensity Score Matching Approach

Breastmilk is the optimal food for infants. Feeding pattern is closely related to physical development and health during infancy. Understanding the associations between feeding patterns and health status can inform related policy interventions and advocacy in China. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between infant feeding patterns and health status in China infants. The China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2013 was a national-representative cross-sectional study performed particularly for children aged 0–5 years. A total of 3974 infants aged under 1 year were included in the analysis, of whom 1082 (27.2%) made up the formula feeding group, and 2892 (72.8%) made up the breastfeeding group. The associations between feeding patterns and physical development and health were investigated using propensity score matching and multivariable logistic regression models. Among breastfeeding and formula feeding infants aged 9–11 months old, weight-for-age z score was 1.1 ± 1.1 and 0.9 ± 1.3, respectively, and weight-for-length z score was 1.0 ± 1.3 and 0.7 ± 1.4, respectively. Hemoglobin in 0–2, 3–5, 6–8, and 9–11 months old breastfeeding infants was 121.4 ± 15.2 g/L, 117.1 ± 13.0 g/L, 113. 9 ± 11.9 g/L, and 114.4 ± 14.0 g/L, while in 0–2, 3–5, 6–8, and 9–11 months formula feeding infants was 116.3 ± 14.8 g/L, 120.4 ± 11.3 g/L, 119.8 ± 11.2 g/L, and 120.0 ± 11.5 g/L, respectively. Breastfeeding was associated with lower risk of respiratory disease (OR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.64, 0.99) and diarrhea (OR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.98). Breastfeeding could slightly improve infant physical development, and had a protective effect on the diarrheal and respiratory diseases. Infants aged 3–11 months who were breastfeeding showed lower hemoglobin than that of formula-fed infants and thus should increase intake of iron rich complementary foods.

Targeted Development of Infant Microbiota on Formula Feeding: Modern Options

The review provides the analysis of recent publications covering the biological significance of infant microbiome and showing modern research technologies. Correlations of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of intestinal microbiota with delayed health issues were evaluated. Various concepts of newborn microbiome origin, timing, and stages of bacterial colonization of gastrointestinal tract were considered. Data on the role of delivery method on infant microbiota development is presented (including the significance of contamination with maternal vaginal flora where ontogenetic priority belongs to lactobacilli). It was revealed that Lactobacillus fermentum was the basis microflora providing the conditions for the subsequent successful colonization of the child’s intestines with obligate symbionts. The significance of breastfeeding in adequate microbiota development was confirmed. In case of mandatory formula feeding, it is necessary to enrich infant milk formulas with components that promote the selection of symbiotic microflora such as: long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, prebiotics, oligosaccharides, and probiotics of specific action. The innovative formula based on synbiotic/combiotic concept will be able to partially compensate impaired microbiota development in infant on mandatory formula feeding.

Treating autism spectrum disorder by intervening with gut microbiota

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a group of neurodevelopmental disorders with a high prevalence in childhood. The gut microbiota can affect human cognition and moods and has a strong correlation with ASD. Microbiota transplantation, including faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), probiotics, breastfeeding, formula feeding, gluten-free and casein-free (GFCF) diet and ketogenic diet therapy, may provide satisfying effects for ASD and its related various symptoms. For instance, FMT can improve the core symptoms of ASD and gastrointestinal symptoms. Probiotics, breastfeeding and formula feeding, and GFCF diet can improve gastrointestinal symptoms. The core symptom score still needs to be confirmed by large-scale clinical randomized controlled studies. It is recommended to use a ketogenic diet to treat patients with epilepsy in ASD. At present, the unresolved problems include which of gut the microbiota are beneficial, which of the microorganisms are harmful, how to safely and effectively implant beneficial bacteria into the human body, and how to extract and eliminate harmful microorganisms before transplantation. In future studies, large sample and randomized controlled clinical studies are needed to confirm the mechanism of intestinal microorganisms in the treatment of ASD and the method of microbial transplantation.

To Determine the Frequency of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Infants

Aim: To determine the frequency of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants Place and duration of study: It is a descriptive cross-sectional study in Pediatric Medicine Department, Nishtar Hospital Multan from March, 2021 to August, 2021 Methodology: The preterm neonates were called for follow up every week for 4 weeks to diagnose Necrotizing enterocolitis. Results; Out of 174 cases, 101 (58%) were males while 73 (42%) were females. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) was noted in 61 (35.1%) while NEC in breastfeeding infants was 14/74 (18.9%) and in formula feeding infants NEC was 47/100 (47%). Conclusion; High frequency of necrotizing enterocolitis was observed in this study among formula fed preterm infants as compared to breastfed preterm infants. Keywords; Breastfeeding, formula feeding, Necrotizing enterocolitis

Breastfeeding knowledge and attitudes of Nigerian mothers assessed by the Iowa infant feeding attitudes scale

Background: Excusive breastfeeding practice in Nigeria is reportedly dwindling, yet the current breastfeeding practices and challenges remain largely unknown. To use the Iowa infant feeding attitude scale (IIFAS) to assess the breastfeeding knowledge and attitude of recently delivered mothers in Lagos Nigeria.Methods: A community-based survey. Study-related data were obtained from 636 mothers selected through multistage sampling, using IIFAS. The scale was validated for our environment before use in the study. The study data were managed with SPSS version 22.0.Results: The prevalence of any breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months and timely initiation of breastfeeding was 99.5%, 22.2% and 47.4% respectively. While the mothers had some knowledge of breastfeeding, their overall knowledge and attitudes about breastfeeding were positive towards infant formula than breastfeeding. More than half of the mothers in our study stated that infant formula was as healthy for infants as breastmilk (62.3%), formula feeding is the better choice if the mother plans to go back to work (80.7%), and that formula feeding was more convenient than breastfeeding (56.9%). Previous exclusive breastfeeding experience (OR 2.7, 95% CI: 1.15, 8.41), being a housewife (OR 1.6, 95% CI: 1.14, 10.9), and having a positive attitude to breastfeeding (OR 1.9, 95% CI: 1.3, 11.6) were found to be associated with exclusive breastfeeding.Conclusions: Although breastfeeding was almost universal in the study area (99.5%), the knowledge and attitude to exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) were suboptimal. Public health education on breastfeeding should be intensified before, during and after pregnancy to improve mother’s EBF knowledge and attitude.

Term Infant Formulas Influencing Gut Microbiota: An Overview

Intestinal colonization of the neonate is highly dependent on the term of pregnancy, the mode of delivery, the type of feeding [breast feeding or formula feeding]. Postnatal immune maturation is dependent on the intestinal microbiome implementation and composition and type of feeding is a key issue in the human gut development, the diversity of microbiome, and the intestinal function. It is well established that exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months or more has several benefits with respect to formula feeding. The composition of the new generation of infant formulas aims in mimicking HM by reproducing its beneficial effects on intestinal microbiome and on the gut associated immune system (GAIS). Several approaches have been developed currently for designing new infant formulas by the addition of bioactive ingredients such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), probiotics, prebiotics [fructo-oligosaccharides (FOSs) and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs)], or by obtaining the so-called post-biotics also known as milk fermentation products. The aim of this article is to guide the practitioner in the understanding of these different types of Microbiota Influencing Formulas by listing and summarizing the main concepts and characteristics of these different models of enriched IFs with bioactive ingredients.

Interventions Targeting Bottle and Formula Feeding in the Prevention and Treatment of Early Childhood Caries, Overweight and Obesity: An Integrative Review

Overweight, obesity and early childhood caries (ECC) are preventable conditions affecting infants and young children, with increased prevalence in those formula-fed. Previous research has focused on distinct outcomes for oral health and healthy weight gain. However, the aetiology may be linked through overlapping obesogenic and cariogenic feeding behaviours, such as increased sugar exposure through bottle propping and overfeeding. Best-practice bottle feeding and transition to cup use may concurrently reduce overweight, obesity and ECC. This integrative review aimed to identify interventions supporting best-practice formula feeding or bottle cessation and examine the intervention effects on feeding, oral health and weight outcomes. The reviewers searched nine databases and found 27 studies that met the predetermined inclusion criteria. Eighteen studies focused on populations vulnerable to ECC or unhealthy weight gain. All studies focused on carer education; however, only 10 studies utilised behaviour change techniques or theories addressing antecedents to obesogenic or cariogenic behaviours. The outcomes varied: 16 studies reported mixed outcomes, and eight reported worsened post-intervention outcomes. While some studies reported improvements, these were not maintained long-term. Many study designs were at risk of bias. Effective intervention strategies for preventing ECC and child obesity require the holistic use of interdisciplinary approaches, consumer co-design and the use of behavioural change theory.

Formula Feeding and Associated Factors among Mothers with Infants 0-6 Months Old in Mettu Town, South West Ethiopia

Background Adequate nutrition during infancy is essential for the normal development and future wellbeing of the child. Despite the fact that breast milk is optimal nutrition for infants during the first six months of life, the duration of breastfeeding has been declining and being replaced by formula feeding particularly in urban communities of developing countries including Ethiopia. However, relatively little information is available regarding formula feeding in Ethiopia; particularly in Mettu town. Methods Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Mettu town from May, 17 to July 1, 2021, among 366 mothers with infants 0-6 months old. A simple random sampling technique was employed. Pre-tested semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data. Descriptive statics and multivariable logistic regression were performed, and variables with a p-value <0.05 in the final model were declared statistically significant with formula feeding. Result The prevalence of formula feeding among the study participants was 28.4%, 95% [CI: 24.0-33.0]. In multivariable logistic regression analysis primparity [AOR=3.3, 95% CI:(1.71-6.26)], cesarean delivery [AOR=2.6, 95% CI:(1.28-5.35)], initiation of breastfeeding after 24hrs [AOR=3.7,95% CI:(1.24-10.05)] employed mothers [AOR=2.4, 95% CI:(1.29-4.49] poor knowledge [AOR=2.6, 95%CI:(1.49-4.73)] and positive attitude toward formula feeding [AOR= 2.4, 95% CI: (1.27-4.84)] were significantly associated with formula feeding. Conclusion About one-third of mothers were formula feeding their infant. Primi parity, initiation of breast milk after 24hrs, cesarean delivery, and poor maternal knowledge and positive attitude were significantly associated with formula feeding. Hence, education on infant feeding for pregnant and lactating mothers, and supporting primipara mothers and as well as mothers who deliver by cesarean section should be implemented at health facility and community level.